Introduction to Architecture and Urban Planning

I recently read the "Introduction to Architecture and Urban Planning" Edited by Liu weibin. It Concatenates the theories and applications of Architecture and Urban Planning. The content is not in-depth and the system is not complete, however, the idea and perspective are indeed very unique and cover a wide range of fields. This is very suitable for beginners like me. The following is my reading notes.

Introduction to Architecture and Urban Planning

 

The building includes both the building entity and the surrounding environment. Building as part of the environment on a larger scale and the inclusion of human factors is a new concept of overall design. Therefore, to talk about construction and construction, we need to consider from the perspective of "building-environment-human.

 

The building is practical, belongs to material products, and artistic, so it is a kind of spiritual product.

 

Types of buildings: Civil Buildings, industrial buildings, agricultural and animal husbandry buildings.

Civil Buildings include residential buildings and public buildings.

Modern Residential Buildings Use "households" and "sets" to form the basic units of various residential buildings.

 

Architecture is a discipline that studies buildings and their environments. It aims to summarize the experience of human building activities, to guide architectural design and creation, and to create a certain physical environment.

 

The research objects of traditional architecture are buildings, buildings, Interior and furniture designs, landscape gardens and urban villages and towns. With the development of the construction industry, landscape science and urban planning are gradually divided from the architecture to form a relatively independent discipline.

 

Architecture is a combination of technology and art. Its research contents include: architectural Design, interior design, architectural structure, architectural history, architectural theory, urban design, architectural physics, and building equipment.

Architectural Design is the core of architecture. It includes two aspects: 1. Summarize the design experience of various types of buildings, and describe the problems that should be paid attention to in the design according to the features and features of various buildings, so as to solve these problems; the first is to explore the general laws of architectural design, including the layout of planes, Space Combinations, transportation arrangements, and aesthetic laws of architectural art. The latter is called architectural design principles.

Urban design is an area of knowledge between Architecture and Urban Planning. It studies the spatial environment and landscape of a city from the perspective of architecture.

 

Basic attributes of a building: time-space, technical and artistic, historic, and contemporary.

A building exists as an objective material. One is the unity of its entity and space, and the other is the unity of its space and time. These two combinations are the spatial and temporal attributes of the building. Research buildings should unify entities and spaces.

Some people say that the city is like a magnified building. The station airport pier is his "ENTRANCE", the square is "yard" or "Hall", and the street is its "corridor ".

The time of a building is manifested in the following aspects:

First, the existence of a building is time-based.

Second, the use of buildings is always in the presence of time.

Third, the use of building functions may change with the passage of time

Fourth, there is also a time factor in the aesthetics of architecture.

 

The purpose of a building is to provide a good living environment for people. It has both material functions and spiritual requirements. It is both a material product and an artistic creation.

 

Basic components of a building: building functions, building technology, and building image. That is, the "practical, strong, and beautiful" mentioned in the ten books on architecture ".

The following requirements must be met for building functions:

1. space requirements for living activities

2 physiological and psychological requirements of life activities

3. Use process and feature requirements

 

Construction technology includes: building structure, building materials, building construction, building equipment.

The column, girder, and arch coupon structures were the first two structures used by humans. After Steel and Concrete appear, the span of beams and arch is greatly increased, and it is still the most common structural form. With the emergence of new materials and people's deep understanding of structural stress principles, truss, steel frame and cantilever structures have emerged one after another.

There are two ways to transmit the weight of a house: passing through a wall to the base or passing through a beam or column to the base. This is usually referred to as the bearing wall system and frame system.

The wooden frame of Ancient Chinese buildings is a mature and early framework system in the world. At present, the ideal frame structure material is reinforced concrete, steel or aluminum alloy.

Ideal for Building Materials: high strength, light weight, high performance and easy to process and install.

Construction includes construction technology and construction organization.

 

The architectural image is expressed by space, entity, color texture, and light and shadow by the following means. These four are the basic means to form the architectural artistic image.

 

To master the techniques of using these buildings, you should pay attention to the basic laws of some forms of beauty. These basic laws include:

1. Unification and change

To achieve a unified effect, you can use the following basic techniques: to achieve a unified structure with a simple ry; to ensure a unified structure with distinct master and slave nodes. The second method also lists three methods to highlight the topic and enhance the architectural expressiveness: Use the axis to highlight the subject, use the low lining and high highlight the subject, and use the image changes to highlight the subject.

2. balance and stability

Because of the size, height, texture of the materials, and the depth of the colors of the building, the actual and actual changes are different, which often show different levels of importance. To study the balance and stability is to make the building image feel stable and balanced.

Balancing includes symmetric balancing and asymmetric balancing.

3 rhythm

4. Comparison

5 percentage

6 scales

There are three ways to process scale: Natural Scale, exaggerated scale, and friendly scale.

 

The relationship between architectural functions, technologies, and images is a dialectical and unified relationship. Functional requirements are the main purpose of the building. material structures and other material and technical conditions are the means to achieve the purpose. The building image is a comprehensive manifestation of the architectural functions, architectural technologies and artistic content. How to correctly deal with the relationship between the three and solve the conflicts between them is an important part of architectural design.

 

 

The content of the architectural space in the book is mainly the size and shape of the space, the division of the architectural space, and the organization of the architectural space.

The processing methods of building space mainly include space limitation, space shape and interface processing, space combination and transparency, space interpenetration, space connection and transition, spatial guidance and sequence..

 

The building environment includes: building and natural environment, building and ecological environment, and building and social environment.

The basic goal of ecological architecture is to save energy, save resources, and reduce pollution.

 

Architectural Design mainly includes three parts: Scheme Design, preliminary design, and construction drawing design.

Among them, solution design is the most critical link.

 

Architectural Design Features: creative, comprehensive, dual, procedural, and social.

 

Architectural Design Method:

1 "from big to small" and "from small to big"

2. "First function followed by Form" and "first form followed by function"

 

Note: "First form and then function" does not mean formalism. Formalism means that in architectural design, we do not hesitate to sacrifice basic functional environment requirements to pursue a one-sided spatial image, even the existence of functional environments is completely ignored, and the architectural creation is equivalent to pure form design. His harm is very obvious. We must resolutely oppose the design methods and concepts of formalism.

 

The architectural design process includes task analysis, solution conception, and solution perfection.

 

Construction Scheme Formation

1. Solution Task Analysis

(1) analysis of design requirements

A. Functional Space Requirements

First, a building is composed of several functional spaces. Each space has its own specific functional requirements. We need to conduct necessary analysis and research on each major space, the specific content includes the volume size, basic facility requirements, location relationship, Environmental landscape, and spatial attributes,

Secondly, the functional spaces that constitute the building are mutually dependent and closely related. They form an organic whole based on specific internal relationships. That is, the following content must be reflected: mutual relationship and closeness.

B. Form Features requirements

(2) Investigation and Analysis of Environmental Conditions

A. Location Environment

B. Humanistic Environment

C. Urban planning and design conditions

It mainly includes limitations on the volume ratio, green land rate requirements, the nature of the land, the requirements on the construction limit, the requirements on parking spaces and traffic entrances and exits, the requirements on the red line of retreat, and other provisions, such as the population density, the color and size of the building, and the requirements of the shape.

(3) Analysis of economic and technological factors

(4) investigation and collection of relevant data

It mainly includes instance research and data collection.

2. conception and selection of the Solution

(1) design intent

(2) solution Conception

There are two methods: starting with the environmental characteristics, the solution conception, starting with the specific functional characteristics.

(3) Comparison of Multiple Solutions

Multiple solutions are necessary. Multi-solution conception is the essential reflection of architectural design. Different solutions have no right or wrong in a simple sense. They only have to worry about the difference and there is no unique solution. Multi-solution conception is required by the purpose of architectural design. Multi-solution ideas are required by democratic participation awareness.

The principles of multi-solution conception include: Proposal of as many solutions as possible with the largest number of differences as possible; Proposal of any solution must be based on satisfying functional and environmental requirements.

Comparative Analysis of Multiple Solutions focuses on three aspects: Comparison of the degree of satisfaction of design requirements, comparison of outstanding personality characteristics, comparison of the possibility of modification and adjustment.

3 Adjustment and depth of the Solution

(1) Adjustment of the Scheme

(2) In-depth Solution

The process of deepening is mainly carried out by enlarging the ratio of drawings, the area and points, from large to small, in different steps.

 

 

Expression of solution design:

1. Expression in conception stage (there are four expressions)

(1) Sketch Performance

(2) model performance

(3) Computer Aided Design

(4) Overall Performance

2 Expression of results stage (6 manifestations)

(1) Floor Plan (Disadvantage: it cannot reach the height of the space, so it cannot provide a complete image of the Space Effect to people)

(2) lianyi (Disadvantage: The block combination of the building space cannot be truly reflected)

(3) profile (Disadvantage: it shows the shape of a local space and cannot reflect the whole picture)

(4) perspective (Disadvantage: Fixed viewpoint, which only expresses the spatial effect and passive experience under a certain viewpoint)

(5) model (Disadvantage: the concept of spatial scale cannot be used to give people subjective feelings)

(6) 3D animation