Introduction to Linux--(a)

1. Common operating systems

-server-side operating system: Linux, UNIX, Windows Server

-Standalone operating system: Windows (DOS, Ucdos, Win95, Win98, Win2000, XP, Vista, Win7, win8)

MAC, Linux (Ubuntu)

-Mobile OS Android, IOS, Windows phone

2.linux Operating System Introduction

Why learn about Linux operating systems

1. Most servers are Linux-based, Jee deployed to the server

2. Some enterprises and schools use Linux for research and development and teaching

3. Many Linux for embedded development

4. Cloud computing, Big Data is the cluster network Linux:centos

-Features

1. Open, open source, multi-user network operating system

2. Unix-based (Unix-->minix-->linux (Linus: Linus Finland), you can customize the kernel

3. If the GNU organization (free software Organization, CopyLeft) is released through the GPL (general Public License) license

3. Linux composition

1. Linux Kernel (Linus team management)

2. Shell: Interface for user-to-kernel interaction

3. File system: ext3, EXT4, etc. windows have FAT32, NTFS

4. Third-party application software

4..linux OS Version

1. Kernel version (Linus team management) 3.8

2. Release: Some software companies based on the kernel, and then add some software and documents to form a release version

-Red Hat:rhel, CentOS

-Debian:debian,ubuntu (Desktop)

-Android

There are more well-known distributions on the market: Ubuntu, RedHat, CentOS, Debian, Fedora, SuSE, OpenSUSE, Turbolinux, Bluepoint, Redflag, Xterm, Slackware, etc.

5. Introduction?

The Linux kernel was originally written by Finns Linas Tovaz (Linus Torvalds) at the University of Helsinki for personal hobbies.

Linux is a free-to-use and free-to-propagate Unix-like operating system, a POSIX and Unix-based multiuser, multitasking, multi-threaded and multi-CPU operating system.

Linux can run major UNIX tool software, applications, and network protocols. It supports 32-bit and 64-bit hardware. Linux inherits the design idea of Unix as the core of network, and is a stable multi-user network operating system.

6. Compare to Windows

Compare	Windows	Linux
Interface	Unified interface, Shell fixed all Windows Program menu almost consistent, shortcut keys are almost the same	Graphical interface styles vary from release to version and may not be compatible. Gnu/linux's terminals are inherited from UNIX, and the basic commands and operating methods are almost identical.
Driver Program	The driver is rich and the version is updated frequently. The default installer typically contains hardware drivers that are popular at the time of release, and the new hardware drivers are dependent on the hardware vendor. For some old hardware, it is sometimes difficult to support without the original driver. In addition, sometimes the hardware vendor does not provide the required version of the driver under Windows, it will also compare headaches.	Developed by volunteers, released by the Linux core development team, many hardware vendors do not provide drivers based on copyright considerations, although most do not require manual installation, but involve installation is relatively complex, allowing new users to face driver problems (presence and installation methods) helpless. But in open source development mode, many old hardware is easy to find, though it is hard to support under Windows. Hardware vendors such as HP, Intel, AMD and others are gradually supporting open source drivers, and the problem is being mitigated.
Use	Simple to use, easy to get started. The graphical interface is advantageous for users without computer background knowledge.	The graphical interface is simple to use and easy to get started. Text interface, you need to learn to master.
Learn	The system structure is complex, the change is frequent, and the knowledge and skills are eliminated quickly, in-depth learning difficulties.	The system structure is simple and stable, and the knowledge and skills are good, so it is relatively easy to study deeply.
Software	Each specific feature may require the support of a commercial software and must be purchased with the appropriate authorization.	Most software is freely available, with fewer software options for the same functionality.

------------------------------------a second understanding of--------------------------------------------------

1:linux Basic Introduction
1: Operating system (Operating system)
1: Operating system is a program for managing computer hardware and software resources
2: Typical operating system
1:unix, LINUX, Mac OS X, Windows IOS, Android, MS-DOS
3: Operation mode
1: Command line interface (Interface CLI)
1: The user enters the instruction through the keyboard, the computer receives the instruction, executes.
2: Advantages
1: Saving the resources of computer system
2: Fast operating Speed (remember commands)
3: Common
1:dos, UNIX, LINUX
2: Graphical UI (Graphical user Interface, abbreviated GUI)
1: Computer operation with graphical display
2: Advantages
1: Simple operation
2: User-friendly
3: Disadvantage
1: Consumes resources more than graphical command interface
4: Common
1:windows, Mac OS
2:unix and Minix
1:unix
1:1969 led by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie of Bell Labs to develop UNIX
1: Ken Thompson: the father of Unix
2: Dennis Richie: The father of C language
2: Before using assembler language B, 1973 with two people instead of C language (high-level language) rewrite
2:minix
1: Bell Labs reclaim copyright and provide "no source code for students".
2:andrew S. Tanenbaum (Tan Yuning), in order to teach, did not refer to the UNIX source code under the written Minix
1: Computer network, modern operating system author, father of Minix.
3:linux
1: In 1991, Finn Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki to write his own operating system, which is the Linux kernel (Linux kernel).
2:mascot Penguin.
2:linux joins GNU and complies with the public Copyright license (GPL).
4:gnu ("GNU ' s not Unix")
1: Dr. Richard Stallman 1983 launch a free software environment that is fully compatible with UNIX
1: Free software
1: Give users the right to copy, research, modify and distribute the software, and provide the source code for users to freely use
2: Core operating system kernel development frustrated, so the use of Linux kernel, applied in the GNU system
5:GPL (general public License Universal Common license)
1: In order to avoid the GNU software developed by others to use the patented software
2:copyleft (Patent software is copyright)
3: The purpose is to make GNU always free and public
6:linux Introduction
1:linux is a free and open source Unix-like operating system
2:linux Features
1: Open, multi-user, multi-tasking, rich network functions, reliable system security, good portability,
Good user interface (command interface, graphical interface, etc.), excellent speed performance
3:linux composition
1: Kernel
2:shell
3: File system
4: Application
4:linux version
1:linux Kernel (Linux kernel)
1: The heart of the system
2: Release version
1: The vendor wraps the Linux kernel with the application software and documentation, and provides a collection of software packages for the installation interface and system settings management tools
2: Common
RedHat Linux,debian,ubuntu, Novell/suse Linux
7:ubuntu
The 1:ubuntu version consists of the latest version of the released year and month for Ubuntu 12.10
View Ubuntu version cat/etc/issue or sudo lsb_release-a

Introduction to Linux--(a)