Lab 0: Understanding and familiarity with operating system experiments

Source: Internet
Author: User

First, Experimental Purpose

(1) Master the definition and concept of the operating system;

(2) Understand the development history of various types of operating systems;

Second, experimental content and requirements

Use Web search to learn about various types of computer operating systems and organize them into a single document.

1, the definition of the operating system

A) operating system is an indispensable system software in modern computer systems, and is the foundation of all other system software and application software. The operating system controls and manages the hardware and software resources of the whole computer system, and provides a convenient, safe and reliable working environment for the user to use the computer.

2, the composition of the computer system

A) Composition: A complete computer system, whether mainframe, minicomputer or microcomputer, consists of two main parts: computer hardware and computer software.

b) Bare metal: A computer without software configuration is called bare metal (i.e., computer hardware);

c) virtual machines: machines that cover the software are called virtual machines (that is, expansion machines).

3. Computer hardware

A) Definition: computer hardware refers to a system of electronic, mechanical, electrical, optical and magnetic components of a variety of components and equipment, these components and equipment according to the requirements of the structure of the computer system to form an organic whole.

b) Composition: Arithmetic, controller, memory, input device and output device.

I. Arithmetic: The main function is to carry on the arithmetic operation and the logic operation to the data;

II. Controller: The main function is to follow the requirements of machine code procedures, control the computer functions of the functional components work in unison. That is, the instructions in the program are removed from the memory, the instruction is analyzed and interpreted, and the various timing control signals required to execute the instruction are issued to other functional parts, and then the next instruction is removed from the memory, so it runs continuously until the program is executed.

III. Memory: The main function is to store the binary information;

Iv. input Device: The main function is to transform the user information into a binary information form that can be identified and processed by the computer.

V. OUTPUT device: The main function is to transform the binary information in the computer into the information form that the user needs and can recognize;

VI. Central processor; It is the integration of the controller and the arithmetic, called the central processor.

4. Computer software

A) Definition: computer software is a program and its data that is performed by computer hardware to accomplish certain tasks.

b) Composition: System software and application software

I. System software includes operating system, compiling program, editing program, database management system, etc.

II. application software includes programs for various application mothers, such as medical systems, e-commerce, etc.

5, the purpose of introducing the operating system:

A) provides an interface between a computer user and a computer hardware system, making the computer system easier to use;

(b) Effective control and management of the resources of various software and hardware in computer systems to make them more efficient to use;

c) Organize the workflow of the computer system reasonably to improve the system performance.

The operating system can be divided into different types depending on the functionality, characteristics, size, and application environment provided by the operating system. Job: A set of tasks that a user requires a computer system to work on during a problem solving or a transactional process, including user programs, required data, and commands.

1, batch processing operating system

A) the definition of a single-channel batch system: The user gives the job to the system operator, the system operator composes a batch of user jobs into the external memory, and then the batch processing system chooses one of the jobs to be transferred into the memory and runs it in a certain principle, and the job is completed or an error occurs, The information is output by the system and the next job is run, repeating the process until all the jobs are processed.

b) Definition: In batch processing system introduced multi-channel program design technology to form a multi-channel batch processing system, in this system, not only can have multi-channel operation in memory at the same time, and the job can be accepted into the system at any time, and stored in the external memory to form a job queue, The operating system then schedules one or more jobs from the job queue to run into memory, on a certain basis.

c) Characteristics: I. user offline using Computer II. Batch Processing III. Multi-Channel program operation

d) Advantages: High system resource utilization, large job throughput

e) Cons: no interactivity

2. Time-sharing operating system

A) Definition: the use of time-sharing technology in the operating system to form a tick operation heartache. Time-sharing technology is to divide the operating time of the processor into a very short time slice, in turn, the processor assigned to each online operation. If a job cannot complete its calculations within the time allotted to it, the job temporarily stops running, giving the processor to another job and waiting for the next round to continue. Because the processor is fast, the time slice is very short (such as hundreds of milliseconds), the operation rotation is also very fast, giving each user the feeling as if they own a computer.

b) Characteristics:

I. Concurrent sex: Refers to allowing multiple end users to use a single computer at the same time.

Ii. interactivity: Users can easily engage in human-machine dialogue with the system.

Iii. Independence: Each user in the system can operate independently of each other and interfere with each other.

Iv. timeliness: User requests can be responded to in a very short period of time.

c) Advantages: interactivity, simultaneous, timeliness, independence

d) Disadvantages: poor real-time

3. Real-time operating system

A) Definition: In order to meet the real-time requirements of some computer applications, a real-time operating system has been developed. The real-time system responds to external events in a timely manner, completes processing of the event within a specified time, and controls all real-time devices and real-time tasks to work in unison.

b) Characteristics: timely response, high reliability

c) Advantages: good real-time

D) Cons: Expensive

e) Application:

I. Real-time control system: real-time control system refers to the computer-centered production process Control system, also known as computer control system. In the real-time control system, the computer is required to collect the field data in real time, and to deal with them in time, and then automatically control the corresponding executing mechanism, so that certain parameters can change or remain unchanged according to the predetermined law, in order to achieve the purpose of guaranteeing product quality and increasing output. For example: Automatic control of iron and steel smelting, automatic control of refinery production process, automatic control during flight.

Ii. Real-time Information Processing system: Isuanji receive the service request from the remote terminal in time, retrieve and process the information according to the questions raised by the user, and make the correct response to the user in a short period of time. For example: Ticket ordering system, information retrieval system and so on.

4. General operating system

A) Definition: Batch processing system, time-sharing system and realtime system are three kinds of basic operating system types, if an operating system has a batch system, time-sharing system and the realtime system of three or both functions, then the operating system is a general operating system.

5. Embedded operating system

A) Definition: The whole intelligent chip (mobile devices, information appliances, intelligent machinery embedded in a variety of microprocessors or control chips) and its control of the various components of the module and other resources for unified scheduling, only and control system software called embedded operating system.

b) Features: High reliability, real-time performance, low cost of ownership and less resources

6. Personal Computer operating system

A) Definition: The personal computer operating system mainly provides individual use, powerful, inexpensive, almost anywhere can be installed and used to meet the average person's work, learning, games and other requirements.

b) Characteristics: human-computer interaction, friendly interface, easy to use.

7. Multiprocessor Operating System

A) Definition: an operating system consisting of multiple processors (operators + controllers).

b) Characteristics: fast operation speed

8. Network operating system

A) Definition: computer network-based operating system, is a variety of computer operating systems according to the Network Topology System architecture protocol development software, including network management, communications, resource sharing, system security and various network application services, the purpose is to communicate with each other and share resources.

b) Characteristics:

I. Distribution: The computer network is a interconnected group, and the computers are scattered in various places.

Ii. autonomy: Every computer on the network can do its job on its own.

Iii. Interconnection: The interconnection of computers in different locations to achieve the purpose of resource sharing and network communication.

Iv. Visibility: Resources in a computer network are visible to other users.

9. Distributed Operating System

A) Definition: Distributed operating system refers to a plurality of decentralized processing units connected by the Internet system, wherein each processing unit is highly up-to-date and co-ordinated, can be implemented in the system-wide resource management, task dynamic allocation, and can run the distributed program in parallel.

b) Characteristics:

I. Unity: All hosts are required to use the same operating system.

Ii. sharing: All resources in a distributed system can be shared by all users in the system.

Iii. transparency: The user does not know that the distributed system is running on multiple computers, in the user's eyes the entire distributed system is like a computer, which means that the system is transparent to the user.

Iv. Autonomy: Multiple hosts in a distributed system are in an equal position.

Linux Benefits

A) a truly open operating system

The biggest selling point of Linux is the selectivity it gives to its customers. From hardware to support to Linux distributions, there are a number of options. You can run a Linux system on a 200-dollar old PC, or you can run it as an LPAR (Rom partition) on a $ millions of p595 IBM P-Series server (you need to choose between RHEL4 or SLES9), You can even run Linux systems on IBM hosts. Using Linux does not conflict with hardware resellers, it is a truly open system.

b) bug fixes and security patches

After using Linux, the vendor's latest bug fixes or security patches to fix your operating system (OS) vulnerabilities, your waiting time is only a few days or even hours. The open source community will deliver an endless development cycle at a very rapid pace, which in the past can only be published in traditional channels.

c) Increasing resources

Today, every major ISV will launch a Linux software version. The market share of Linux is growing and people need it more and more. At the same time, many managers have started Linux training, and a growing wealth of public information will be readily available to help companies switch to the Linux operating system.

Linux Disadvantages

A) scalability

With the advent of the 2.6 kernel, extensibility is no longer as important as it used to be, but Linux has never been as extensible as UNIX. In general, businesses are demanding maximum performance, reliability and scalability, and Unix has always been the best choice. The high availability of UNIX systems is also more mature than the Linux operating system.

b) Lack of hardware integration/support

Fortune 500 companies typically prefer more comfortable performance from hardware support and tighter integration between hardware and the operating system. Even if driver support is brought by a hardware vendor, this is a challenge for Linux systems.

c) Insight

Linux is risky in many ways and is not ready for business. While this view of Linux has changed a lot in the last few years, some big companies still have this concern.

Advantages of Windows

Windows is so popular because it has lots of places to attract users.

1, interface graphics before the DOS character interface makes it difficult for some users to operate, Mac first using a graphical interface and use of the mouse, which makes people do not have to learn too much operating system knowledge, as long as the mouse will be able to work, even a few years old children can use. This is the benefit of graphical interface. Actions in Windows can be said to be "WYSIWYG", everything is in front of you, just move the mouse, click, double click to complete.

2, multi-user, multi-tasking Windows system can enable multiple users to use the same computer without affecting each other. Windows 9x does a very bad job in this regard, and the multi-user setting is useless, and it doesn't work at all. Windows 2000 is well-done in this regard, where administrators (Administrator) can add, remove users, and set user rights. Multitasking is now available in many operating systems, which means that computers can perform different tasks at the same time without interfering with each other. For example, while listening to songs while writing articles, while opening a number of browser windows to browse, and so is the use of this. This is essential for today's users.

3. Good network support

Windows 9x and Windows 2000 have built-in TCP/IP protocol and Dial-up software that allows users to surf the web, send and receive e-mails with simple settings. At the same time, its support to the LAN is also excellent, users can easily be in Windows to achieve resource sharing.

 4, excellent multimedia features       This is also a bright spot for windows to attract people. In Windows, audio and video editing/playback work can be done to support advanced graphics card, sound card to make it "good". The advent of MP3 and ASF, SWF and other formats makes the computer more multimedia-capable, allowing users to easily play the most popular music or watch movies.     

5, hardware Support good Windows 95 later versions including Windows 2000 support "Plug and Play" technology, which makes the installation of new hardware easier. Once the user has connected the appropriate hardware and computer, Windows can automatically identify and install the driver as soon as it is available. Users no longer have to rewrite Config.sys files like dos, and sometimes they need to resolve interrupt conflicts manually. Almost all hardware devices have drivers under Windows.     As Windows continues to evolve, the hardware and related technologies it can support are growing, such as USB devices, AGP technology, and more. 6, many applications under Windows have many applications to meet the needs of all users.      There are several programming software under Windows, and countless programmers are writing programs for Windows.     In addition, Windows NT, Windows 2000 systems also support multiple processors, which is useful for significantly improving system performance. Windows's lack of windows has caused it to be bulky and cumbersome to program code. All these make Windows system not very stable, also carry on "plague old house", "Plague Bar" the title. Some windows system patches, anti-crash software came into being.      The instability of the system makes some users in the use of fear, afraid of sudden failure, resulting in their work results into clean smoke. Windows is also a very fragile system, and sometimes a glitch can cause the system not to start properly

3.2 Linux and Windows differences    Linux is not windows, it is not a software maintained by a commercial company, only one wrapper. Linux is a freely configurable thing that can be packaged arbitrarily. Any one person, a company can follow their own ideas, such as add a little function, add Chinese support, make a Linux out. Although the core parts of these Linux are the same, the various software they carry, the default configuration is different. The difference is that with a Linux release (different Linux we call different releases) maybe the hardware is well configured, the various software is also good to install, with the other one may be fast, another may support Chinese better. In short, under Windows, something under Linux may require you to stay up late to get it. Like Linux  , the Windows family is a fully multitasking operating system. They support the same user interface, network, and security. But the real difference between Linux and Windows is that Linux is actually a version of UNIX, and the contribution from UNIX is huge. What makes Unix so important? Not only is UNIX the most popular operating system for multi-user machines, but it is the foundation of free software. On the internet, a lot of free software is written for Unix systems. Because there are many UNIX vendors, Unix also has a number of implementation methods. There is no single organization responsible for the distribution of UNIX. Now, there is a huge force pushing the UNIX community to standardize in the form of open systems. On the other hand the Windows family is a dedicated system, controlled by the company that develops the operating system interface and design. In this sense, the company's profits are high because it sets strict standards for programming and user interface design, and is completely different from the open systems community. Some organizations are trying to complete the task of standardizing UNIX programming interfaces. In particular, Linux is fully compatible with the POSIX.1 standard. Security issues require long-term attention for IT administrators. Supervisors need a framework to properly assess the security of the operating system, including: basic security, network security and protocols, application protocols, release and operation, confidence, trusted computing, open standards. The goal of   Linux is to use the web instead of printing, and when Windows first appeared, the world was a paper world. One of the great achievements of Windows is that the results of your work can be easily seen and printed out. Such a start affects the later development of Windows. Similarly, Linux is affected by its origins. Linux is designed to be located on a network operating system. Its design is inspired by the Unix operating system, so its command is designed to be relatively simpleSingle, or rather concise. Because plain text works well across the network, the Linux configuration files and data are text-based. For those who are familiar with the graphical environment, Linux servers may look primitive at first glance. But Linux development focuses more on its intrinsic functionality than on what is on the surface. Even in plain text environments, Linux also has a very advanced network, scripting, and security capabilities. Some of the seemingly strange steps that are required to perform some tasks are puzzling, and the automatic execution of Linux is also strong, and it is only necessary to design batch files to allow the system to perform very detailed tasks automatically. This ability of Linux comes from its text-based nature.    so far, Linux offers better security than Windows, with only one exception (confidence). The Windows operating system tends to integrate more features into the operating system and to combine programs with the kernel, while Linux differs from windows in that it has a distinct boundary between the kernel space and user space. Depending on the design architecture, both can make the operating system more secure.

iOS is an operating system developed by Apple for the iphone. It is mainly used for iphone, Ipodtouch, ipad and AppleTV. Just like its macosx operating system, it is based on Darwin. The system was originally named Iphoneos, and was renamed iOS until the June 7, 2010 WWDC convention.

The iOS system architecture is divided into four tiers: core operating system layer (Thecoreoslayer), Core service layer (Thecoreserviceslayer), media layer (themedialayer), and tactile layer (thecocoatouchlayer). System operation takes up about 240MB of memory space.

The concept of the iOS user interface is based on the ability to use multi-touch direct manipulation. Control methods include sliding, tactile switches and keys. Interaction with the system includes sliding (Swiping), tapping (tapping), squeezing (pinching), and rotation (reversepinching). In addition, the built-in accelerator allows its rotating device to change its y-axis to make the screen change direction, making the iphone easier to use. Below the screen there is a home button, the bottom is the dock, and the icons for the programs most frequently used by four users are pinned to the dock.

A status bar at the top of the screen shows some data, such as time, battery power, and signal strength. The remaining screens are used to display the current application. The only way to launch the iphone app is to click on the program's icon on the current screen and exit the program by pressing the home button at the bottom of the screen. After the third-party software exits, it is closed directly, but in iPhone3.0 and later releases, when the third-party software receives new information, Apple's servers will push these notifications to the iphone or Ipodtouch (whether or not it is running). On the iphone, there is a connection between many applications so that different applications can share the same information

Android, a Linux-based, open-source mobile device operating system, primarily for smartphones and tablets, is being led and developed by Google's Open handset Alliance (OHA, the Open Handheld Alliance). Android has released the latest version for Android 6.0.1 (M).

The Android system was originally developed by Andy Rubin (Andy Rubin) and others [1], originally developed to create a digital camera's advanced operating system, but later found that market demand is not large, coupled with the rapid growth of the smartphone market, Android was then transformed into a smartphone-oriented operating system. Acquired by Google in August 2005 by the US technology company. In November 2007, Google launched an open handheld alliance with 84 manufacturers, developers and telecom operators to jointly develop an improved Android system, and Google released Android's original code with the authorization of Apache free open source license, By allowing manufacturers to launch smartphones powered by Android, Android has grown to expand into tablets and other areas. [2]

Data from the end of 2010 showed that Android operating systems, which had only been launched for two years, had surpassed Nokia's Symbian system for more than 10 years in market share, becoming the world's top smartphone OS.

Lab 0: Understanding and familiarity with operating system experiments

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