Lab 0: Understanding and familiarity with the operating system

I. Purpose and Requirements

1. Purpose of the experiment

(1) Master the definition and concept of the operating system;

(2) Understand the development history of various types of operating systems;

2 . Experimental requirements

Use Web search to learn about various types of computer operating systems and organize them into a single document.

Ii. contents of the experiment

Understanding and Mastering the content includes:

1. Definition and concept of computer operating system;

The operating system (Operating system, or OS) is the system software that supports the operating environment of the application and the user operating environment in the electronic computer system, and is also the core and cornerstone of the computer system. An operating system is a collection of system software that controls the operation of other programs, manages system resources, and provides users with a user interface. The operating system is tasked with basic tasks such as managing and configuring memory, prioritizing system resource supply and demand, controlling input and output devices, operating networks, and managing file systems. The operating system is very diverse, with different machine-installed OS from simple to complex, from the handset's embedded system to the supercomputer's large operating system. There are DOS, OS/2, UNIX, Xenix, LINUX, Windows, NetWare and so on, which are common on microcomputer. But all operating systems have four basic features of concurrency, sharing, virtualization, and uncertainty. The status of the operating system in the computer system: The operating system is software, and is the system software. Its role in the computer system can be understood from two aspects: internal, operating System management computer system of various resources, expand the function of the hardware; external, the operating system provides a good human-machine interface, convenient for users to use the computer. It has a connecting position in the whole computer system.

2. Classification of the operating system;

① simple operating system. It is the operating system that the computer initially configures, such as IBM's disk operating system dos/360 and microcomputer's operating system cp/m etc. The functions of this kind of operating system are mainly operation command execution, file service, support high-level programming language compiler program and control external device and so on.

② time-sharing system. It supports multiple users at different terminals using one computer at a time, independent of each other, and the user feels as if a computer is all he uses.

③ Real-time operating system. It is the operating system configured for the real-time computer system. The main feature is that the allocation and scheduling of resources must first consider real-time and then efficiency. In addition, the real-time operating system should have strong fault tolerance.

④ network operating system. It is the operating system configured for the computer network. With its support, each computer in the network can communicate and share resources with each other. Its main feature is the combination of network hardware to complete the network communication tasks.

⑤ distributed operating system. It is the operating system configured for the distributed computing system. It differs greatly from other operating systems in terms of resource management, communication control and the structure of the operating system. Because the distributed computer system resources are distributed on different computer systems, the resource requirements of the operating system for the user can not be as simple as the general operating system waiting for the allocation of resources directly, but to search the system on each computer, find the required resources to be allocated. For some resources, such as files with multiple replicas, you must also consider consistency. The so-called consistency refers to a number of users of the same file read at the same time the data is consistent. In order to ensure consistency, the operating system must control the file read, write, operation, so that multiple users can read a file at the same time, at any time at most one user can modify the file. The communication function of the distributed operating system is similar to the network operating system. Because the distributed computer system is not widely distributed, and the distributed operating system also supports parallel processing, it provides different communication mechanism and network operating system, which requires high communication speed. Distributed operating system structure is also different from other operating systems, it is distributed in the system of the various computers, can be parallel to the user's various needs, has a strong fault-tolerant ability.

⑥ Intelligent Operating system. It is also called based on the knowledge operating system. is a new generation of operating systems that support computers, especially new generation computers. It is responsible for managing the resources of the above-mentioned computers, providing friendly interfaces to users, and effectively controlling the operation of programs based on knowledge processing and parallel processing. Therefore, it is one of the key technologies to implement these computers and put them into application. The intelligent operating system will be researched through integrated operating systems and artificial intelligence and cognitive science. Its main research contents are: Operating system structure, intelligent resource dispatching, intelligent human-computer interface, supporting distributed parallel processing mechanism, supporting knowledge processing mechanism, and supporting multi-media processing mechanism.

3. Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of several common operating systems; linux,windows

(1) Advantages of Linux:

① stability and efficiency: Because Linux is developed by UNIX, Linux has many similarities to UNIX, not just user interfaces and operations, but Linux also inherits the excellent stability and efficiency of UNIX. For a server that uses Linux as an operating system, running continuously for a year without downtime is a fairly common thing.

② Low Provisioning requirements: Linux requires very little hardware, and it can run smoothly on a computer several years ago. With Windows, you need to constantly upgrade your machine's hardware.

③ free or a little fee: Linux is based on the GPL, so anyone can use or modify the original code for free. It only takes a little bit of money to select a Linux distribution that is made by some vendors.

④ Strong Support: A large number of Linux enthusiasts will discuss the exchange, and develop and share some good software, there is a very open use atmosphere.

⑤ Security: Linux has considerable user and community support, so it can quickly uncover system vulnerabilities and quickly release security patches.

⑥ Real Multi-User: Linux implementation of different users of the common login system, and resource sharing is more fair. Instead of a pseudo multi-user operating system like Windows, if you need to log in more users, either quit the current user or buy a multiuser license from Microsoft.

⑦linux also has many other advantages, such as strong network support, convenient console operation, and so on, although Linux is doing well on the whole, it still has some shortcomings.

Disadvantages of Linux:

① does not have a specific support vendor: Because the software on Linux is distributed free of charge, there is no support like after-sales service.

② graphical interface is not good enough: this is probably the most important reason to affect the popularity of Linux desktop. But with the passage of time, X-window became more and more useful and more excellent. At present, each major Linux distribution, can be done well as desktop computer use.

(2) Windows:

Advantages: Good graphical interface, with a good integrated development environment, easy to operate.

Cons: Not free software, using binary code, not easy to modify the operating system itself. The vulnerability is much higher. Compared with Linux and UNIX systems, the network function is relatively poor, the source code is not open. Not conducive to the development of the operating system.

three , experimental Expand Thinking

What type of operating system does iOS and Android belong to?

iOS is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. It is mainly used for iphone, Ipodtouch, ipad and AppleTV. Just like its macosx operating system, it is based on Darwin. The system was originally named Iphoneos, and was renamed iOS until the June 7, 2010 WWDC convention.

Android is a free and open source Linux-based operating system that is used primarily for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, led and developed by Google and the Open Cell Alliance. There is no unified Chinese name, more people in mainland China use "Android" or "Ann". The Android operating system was originally developed by Andy Rubin, which mainly supports mobile phones.

Lab 0: Understanding and familiarity with the operating system