Query file type and file Location command)
File
Role: View the file type (the file type under Linux does not differentiate after the prefix name)
Syntax: file [options] filename
=================================================================================[[email protected] ~]# file /etc/passwd/etc/passwd: ascii text #文本文档 [[email protected] ~]# file /etc/etc: directory #目录文档 [[email protected] ~]# file /bin/ls #二进制文件/bin/ls: elf 32-bit lsb executable, intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared LIBS), for gnu/linux 2.6.18, stripped[[email protected] ~]# file test11.gz #压缩文件test11 .gz: gzip compressed data, was "Test11",  FROM&NBSp unix, last modified: thu mar 5 05:30:10 2015========================= ========================================================
which
Function: Search command with
Syntax: which command
PS: Search only under the system-defined path path.
=================================================================================[[email protected] ~]# which Chkconfig/sbin/chkconfig#which can only check commands under PATH variable paths [[email protected] ~]# which Cd/usr/bin/which:no CD in (/usr/local/ Sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin) [[email protected] ~]# type CDCD is a shell builtin #因为此命 Order is a system built-in command, so you cannot find the # extension, path variable in path [[email protected] ~]# echo $PATH/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/ sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin=================================================================================
Whereis
Function: Locates Source/binary and manuals sections for specified files.
Syntax: whereis [options] Keyword
Options:
-B only find files in binary format;
-M only find files under the manual path of the instruction manual file;
-S only find files from source;
-U finds other special files that are not in the above three parameters.
=================================================================================[[email protected] doc]# Whereis Vimvim:/usr/bin/vim/usr/share/vim/usr/share/man/man1/vim.1.gz[[email protected] doc]# whereis-m Vimvim:/usr/share/ Man/man1/vim.1.gz[[email protected] doc]# whereis-b Vimvim:/usr/bin/vim/usr/share/vim============================= ====================================================
Locate
Role: Querying files from a specific database
Syntax: Locate keywords
Installation: Yum install-y mlocate, need to update the database with updatedb command after installation is complete
Database files:/var/lib/mlocate/mlocat.db
================================================================================= #安装locate [[email protected] Doc ]# Yum install mlocate# before use updatedb [[email protected] doc]# Locate Test11.gzlocate:can not stat () '/var/lib/mlocate/ Mlocate.db ': No such file or Directory[[email protected] doc]# Updatedb[[email protected] doc]# locate Test11.gz/root/test 11.gz#db file location [[email protected] doc]# ls-l/var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db-rw-r-----. 1 root slocate 769272 Mar 15:39/var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db======================================================= ==========================
Find
Description: The most powerful query tool.
Syntax: Find [-h] [-l] [-p] [-D debugopts] [-olevel] [path ...] [Expression]
An expression:
We agreed in advance to push forward 24 hours from the present time for the 1th day, N=1. And so on the first day and then push forward 24 hours is the 2nd day, n=2 ...
-mtime N-N+1 is a number, meaning to query the first day of the day 24 hours of the contents of the document changed;
-mtime +n: Meaning to query n+1 days ago (without n+1 day itself) has been changed the contents of the document;
-mtime-n: Lists files that have been altered in n days (including the N-day itself);
-newer File:file is a saved file that lists files earlier than the file was modified.
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Excerpt from the bird's-brother tutorial
As you can see, when the n=4
-mtime 4 is the search for the 5th day to change the content of the file;
-mtime +4 is a query 5 days ago To change the content of the file;
-mtime-4 is a file that queries for changes to content within 4 days.
-mmin with-mtime, just n does not represent the number of days, represents minutes.
-type querying files by file type for search criteria
File type: F (normal file), D (directory file), l (link file), s (socket), p (pipeline), C (character file) and B (block device).
-I ignores case of query condition
-inum queries the file with the inode number of the file for the query criteria.
-maxdepth followed by numbers, the number of layers representing the maximum query path, 0,1,2 ...
================================================================================= #查询家目录一天之内修改过的文件 [[email Protected] ~]# find . -mtime 0|xargs ls -dldr-xr-x---. 5 root  ROOT  4096 MAR 10 14:50 .-RW-------. 1 root root 12863 mar 9 23:19 ./.bash_history-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 175 mar 10 00:04 ./.bashrc-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 96  MAR 10 01:17 ./CRONTAB.SH-RW-------. 1 root root 129 mar 10 15:52 ./.lesshst-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 8 mar 10 00:23 ./newfile# querying Common Files under the DIR4 directory [[Email protected] ~]# find ./dir4 -type f|xargs ls -l-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 mar 5 04:58 ./dir4/03/test03-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 mar 5 04:35 ./dir4/03/ Test4-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 mar 5 04:34 ./dir4/dir3/test3# How do I not query the normal files under subdirectories? [[email protected] ~]# find ./dir4 -maxdepth 1 -type f #由于dir4下面没有普通文件, so empty [[email protected] ~]# find ./dir4 -maxdepth 2 - type f #当我们向下延伸一层后, can be found on the 2-layer file./dir4/dir3/test3./dir4/03/test03./dir4/03/test4============= ====================================================================
-perm Permissions Detailed
-perm Digital Permissions (3-bit), indicating that the match must match this right strictly
-perm-Digital Permissions (3-bit), indicating that the match must be not less than this permission
-perm/Digital Permissions (3-bit), which indicates that any group in the match Ugo contains any of the normal permissions in the required permission.
-perm/Digital Permissions (4-bit), and 3-bit digital permission rules are the same, except that special permissions and normal permissions are considered separately
-perm+ Digital Permissions (3-bit), has been/replaced
================================================================================= #分别创建不同权限的文件 [[email protected] ~]# ll perm|awk ' nr>1{printf ("perm:%-11sname:%s\n", $1,$9)} ' perm:---------- name:001perm:-----w---- name:002perm:---------x name:003perm:-r-------- name:004perm:---------t name : 005perm:-r-s------ name:006perm:-------rw- name:007perm:- --x------ name:017perm:-----w-rw- name:037perm:----rw-rw- name:077perm:---x-w-r-- name:177perm:--w-rw-rw- name:377perm:- rw-rw-rw- name:777# Find permission 066 that is---rw-rw-[[email protected] perm]# find . -perm 066 -ls |sed ' s/[[:space:]]\+/ /g ' |cut -d ' ' -f 3,11 ----rw-rw- ./077 #只有数字 "066" Match strictly [[email protected] perm]# find . -perm /066 -ls|sed ' s/[[:space:]]\+/ /g ' |cut -d ' ' -f 3,11-----w---- ./002 #/066, as long as the 9-bit permission has all matching R or W---x-w-r-- ./177-------rw- ./007-- w-rw-rw- ./377----rw-rw- ./077-rw-rw-rw- ./777-----w-rw- ./037[[email protected] perm]# find . -perm -066 -ls|sed ' s/[[:space:]]\+/ /g ' |cut -d ' ' -f 3,11--w-rw-rw- ./377 #- 066, as long as no less than 066 permissions are matched----rw-rw- ./077-rw-rw-rw- ./777================================================== ===============================
Stat
Role: View three times
Syntax: Stat file/dir
=================================================================================[[email protected] ~]# stat test11.gz file: ' test11.gz ' Size: 122 Blocks: 8 io block: 4096 regular filedevice: 802h/2050d Inode: 12133 Links: 1access: (0644/-rw-r--r--) Uid: ( 0/ root) Gid: ( 0/ root) access: 2015-03-10 14:50:52.616930866 +0800Modify: 2015-03-05 05:30:10.555977000 +0800Change: 2015-03-10 14:50:44.910931488 +0800================================================================= ================
PS: Changing CTime does not necessarily change mtime
PS: Change Mtime will be changed CTime
This article is from the "30 Demon People" blog, please make sure to keep this source http://301ren.blog.51cto.com/8887653/1619113
Linux Fundamentals: 10, basic commands (4)