Linux Getting Started Tutorial 4th Chapter X-window and Chinese-_unix Linux

4.1 X-window Introduction

To become a set of excellent operating system, in addition to stable performance, full-featured, but also should have a friendly operating system, otherwise will only stay in the laboratory, it is difficult to popularize.
In the UNIX system, most of the X window is used as a graphical interface. In 1984, MIT and Dec developed the Athena plan, which is the first version of X Window. A non-profit x alliance was set up in January 1988 to set the standard for X window. After Linux was present, XFREE86 Project Inc. implemented an open source X Window System based on Linux: XFree86.
X window has several features compared to other graphical interface systems:
Ø Good network support: X window uses the C/s network structure, the program can communicate through the network, and has good network transparency, that is to say, users do not need to know the program in the use of remote host resources.
Ø Personalized Window interface: X window does not standardize the Windows interface, programmers can design according to requirements, the most famous is the later to introduce the GNOME and KDE.
Ø not embedded in the operating system: X Window defines only one standard, not an operating system, so it can run the same X window software on different operating systems.
The entire X window consists of three parts:
Øx Server: The main control of the output and input device program, and maintain the relevant resources, it receives input device information, and pass it to the X client, and the X client information from the output to the screen. So different video cards need to choose a different X server, in the Configuration X window is the most important is to configure the X server
Øx Client: It's the core of the application, it's hardware-independent, and each application is an X-Client
The communication language between Øx PROTOCOL:X client and X server is x protocol
To make x Windows easier to use, different companies and organizations do a number of integrated desktop environments for them. such as the Cde,sun OpenServer on AIX, while Linux is mostly gnome and KDE's double-hung. Now let's take a look at them together.

4.2 Gnome Profile
Gnome was originally launched by Mexican program designer Miguel De Icazq, and it was strongly supported by Red Hat Company. It is now part of the GNU (GNU?????) program, primarily to provide users with a complete, easy-to-use desktop environment and a powerful application development environment for programmers.
In August 1997, in order to overcome the difficulties of QT license protocol and single C + + dependencies encountered by KDE, the 250 programmers led by Miguel de Icaza in Mexico started a new project, completely from the beginning, which is gnome. After 14 months of joint efforts, finally completed the project. Gnome now has the support of the largest issuer of Linux market, Red Hat, with a large number of applications, including word processing software go, spreadsheet software gnumeric, calendar program gnomecal, and Photoshop Comparable to graphic image processing software such as GIMP.
Now GNOME and KDE have become two competing camps that will make Linux easier to use.
Gnome also offers a large number of applications, all of which are in Gnome's "Start" (a small foot) Àprograms, including many apps, and here are some of them:
1. Applications: Application software
1 Dia: An engineering drawing editor, suitable for drawing circuit diagram;
2 Calendar: A good tool to set calendars and schedules;
3 Address Book: a directory
4) GEdit: A text editor that functions like a notepad in Windows;
5 a spreadsheet software similar to Excel under Gnumeric:linux;
6 Time Tracking Tools: a small tool for reminders;

2. Games: Game Software
1) The milnes:gnome under the Gnome;
2) Gnibbles: greedy snake game;
3) Freecell:windows under the empty solitaire game;

3. Graphics: Graphics processing software
1 Electric Eyes: A very excellent graphics processing software, is the ACDSee under GNOME!
2 xpdf: A tool for reading PDF documents in Linux;
3 The Gimp: A very good drawing software, like Photoshop!

4. Internet:internet application Software
1 Dialup Configuration Tool: An interface is very friendly to dial the number of Internet Settings tool;
2) Gftp: an FTP client
3) Pine: An e-mail client software
4 Netscape: The famous browser software, which Microsoft squeezed down from Windows platform
5 RH Network Monitor: network traffic display

5. Multimedia: Multimedia software
1) Audio Mixer: Voice controller
(2) CD PLAYER:CD player
3) XMMS: And Winamp is a mold out of the


4.3 KDE introduction
The KDE project, launched in October 1996, is designed to create a complete and easy-to-use desktop environment on the X-window. KDE now has the heavyweight software of KFM (similar to IE4.0), KPresenter (like PowerPoint), Killustrator (like CorelDRAW or Illustrator), And thoughtful user GUI configuration software can help users configure unix/linux, so that it is popular with the user.
But because KDE is based on the QT library developed by the Trolltech company, it has received a lot of criticism. Although Qt itself is excellent as a cross-platform development tool based on C + +, unfortunately it is not free software. QT's license allows anyone to use QT to write free software and free copies to other users, but if you use Qt to write freeware, you need to buy their license. More importantly, no one can modify the QT source code at will. If the Trolltech company changes the QT License, the company closes or buys the person to be able to cause KDE to be undone.
In KDE, there are many applications, which are grouped in the "Start" (a K-word) menu, to be honest, I feel that KDE software applications more than GNOME, graphical interface is also better.
1. Office: Office software
This is the famous KOffice kit.
1) KWord: word processing software
2) Kspread: spreadsheet processing software like Excel
3) KPresenter: A PowerPoint-like demo software
4) KChart: An electronic graphics software
5) Kiiiustrator: an electronic publishing software

2. Develop: Development tools
1) KDevelop: A KDE integrated development environment

3. Applications: Application software
1) Advanced Editor: An enhanced text-editing software
2 Emacs: This is a powerful editing software, also in GNOME, its prototype is the character terminal Emacs
3) Organizer: A scheduling software

4. Internet:internet Software
1) KPPP: A very friendly dial-up Internet Configuration Tool
2 KMail: A very beautiful email client, a bit like outlook!
3 Chat clients: an IRC client
4) Kpppload: A network traffic tool
5 Netscape: The famous web browser, also has the integration in GNOME

4.4 Using the window Manager
Red Hat Linux 7.1 when installed by default, X window will use GNOME as the window manager, unless you remove GNOME from the installation and choose the KDE package. Usually we can install both of these packages and then select them when we use them.
1 Execute the following command under the character terminal, then the window Manager for X window becomes KDE:
# Switchdesk KDE
2 If you do not want to use KDE, you can use the following command to revert to gnome:
# Switchdesk GNOME

4.5 Chinese Red Hat Linux 7.1
1. Install TrueType fonts
To use Chinese TrueType fonts in your system, it is best to disable the XFS font server, and XFS automatically updates the Fonts.dir files in the font directory at startup, which can affect the changes we make.
Log in as root, and then execute the Setup tool to turn XFS off in the service.
1) Modify XF86CONFIG-4 configuration file
Enter the/etc/x11 directory, use VI to edit the xf86config-4 file, such as the corresponding modifications:

section "Files"
# Fontpath "unix/:7100"; Comment out this line and join the following lines
Fontpath "/usr/x11r6/lib/x11/fonts/misc:unscaled"
Fontpath "/usr/x11r6/lib/x11/fonts/75dpi:unscaled"
Fontpath "/usr/x11r6/lib/x11/fonts/100dpi:unscaled"
Fontpath "/usr/x11r6/lib/x11/fonts/misc"
Fontpath "/usr/x11r6/lib/x11/fonts/type1"
Fontpath "/usr/x11r6/lib/x11/fonts/speedo"
Fontpath "/USR/X11R6/LIB/X11/FONTS/75DPI"
Fontpath "/USR/X11R6/LIB/X11/FONTS/100DPI"
Fontpath "/usr/x11r6/lib/x11/fonts/truetype"
Endsection

section "Module"
Load "DBE" # double-buffering
Load "Glcore" # OpenGL support
Load "DRI" # Direct Rendering Infrastructure
Load "GLX" # OpenGL X Protocol interface
Load "Extmod" # Misc. Required extensions
Load "V4L" # Video4linux
Load "XTT"; Join this line
Endsection
2 Get font file Simsun.ttf
Create a new directory:/usr/x11r6/lib/x11/fonts/truetype, and then mount the partition where Windows is located, and then copy the Simsum.ttf to that directory.
3) generate a list of fonts
Cd/usr/x11r6/lib/x11/fonts/truetype
# Ttmkfdir>fonts.dir
# vi fonts.dir Modify the font list file so that it is similar to the following
simsun.ttf-misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-ascii-0
Simsun.ttf-misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-fcd8859-15
Simsun.ttf-misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-iso8859-1
simsun.ttf-misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-gb2312.1980-0
Simsun.ttf-misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--0-0-0-0-p-0-koi8-r
#cp Fonts.dir Fonts.scale
4) Modify the font definition of GTK
# VI/ETC/GTK/GTKRC.ZH_CN
The revised contents are as follows:
Style "GTK-DEFAULT-ZH-CN" {
Fontset = "-misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--14-*-*-*-*-*-*-*"
}
Class "Gtkwidget" style "GTK-DEFAULT-ZH-CN"

2. Install Chinese Input Method Chinput 3.0.1
1 First download the following packages:
chinput-3.0.1-1.i386.rpm
pth-1.3.7-3.i386.rpm
Unicon2-im.tar.gz
2) and then install:
# RPM-IVH pth-1.3.7-3.i386.rpm
# RPM-IVH chinput-3.0.1-1.i386.rpm--nodeps
# CP Unicon2-im.tar.gz/usr/lib
# Cd/usr/lib
# tar Vfxz unicon2-im.tar.gz
# RM unicon2-im.tar.gz
# ln-s libstdc++-2-libc6.1-1-2.9.0.so libstdc++-libc6.1-2.so.3
3) Modify some of the Chinput configuration
# Cd/usr/lib/zwinpro
# VI Chinput.ad Modify the following several places
...
chinput.gblocale=zh_cn.gb2312
chinput.big5locale=zh_cn.gb2312
...
chinput.gbfont=-misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--14-*-*-*-*-*-gb2312.1980-0
chinput.big5font=-misc-simsun-medium-r-normal--14-*-*-*-*-*-gb2312.1980-0
...
(Note: There is no space in this file, you can only use Tab instead)
4) Modify the ~/.BASHRC file, add the following lines:
Export LC_ALL=ZH_CN. GB2312
Export LANG=ZH_CN. GB2312
Export xmodifiers= @im =chinput

3. Chinese GNOME
After the reboot, you can display Chinese in gnome when you perform startx. Then, you can complete the GNOME's Chinese environment and install the input method by adding chinput to the program-> setup->session->startup programs.

4. Localization of KDE
If it is a KDE system, then open Preferences->personalization->country & Language, select Chinese, then open look & feel->fonts, select the appropriate font, and changed the character set to gb2312.1980-0. Finally, open the Autostart directory on the desktop, create a new application (Chinput) connection, after each boot can use the Chinese input method.