Network Technology Summary

The company does not have a network engineer, so it assumes the role of a network engineer when working on a project. The following terms are often used during the project process. The following is my summary of the project, correct the information if it is incorrect!

 

Term 1: 1000Base -*

 
 

  
  
Gibit Ethernet (GbE, Gigabit Ethernet, or 1 GigE) is a term used to describe various Ethernet frame transmission technologies at gibit rates per second,
  
  
Defined by the IEEE 802.3-2005 standard. This standard allows half-duplex gigabit connections connected through a hub, but full-duplex connections using a switch on the market are the standard.
  
  
 
  
  
 
  
  
Standard
  
  
There are four different physical layer standards for gibit Ethernet, including fiber (1000BASE-X), twisted pair (1000BASE-T), or balanced copper (1000BASE-CX ).
  
  
 
  
  
1000BASE-X
  
  
1000BASE-X is used in the industry to refer to fiber-optic Gigabit Ethernet, including 1000BASE-SX,-LX,-BX10,
  
  
Or non-standard-LH/-ZX. (LX -- long distance/single-mode; LH -- ultra-long/Single-Mode)
  
  
 
  
  
1000BASE-SX
  
  
1000BASE-SX adopts Multi Mode Optical Fiber and uses Gigabit Ethernet as the standard,
  
  
The distance between 850 m and 62.5 m is specified using the optical fiber standard of 125 micron infrared (NIR) wavelength./μm,
  
  
In practice, 50/125 μm optical fiber can be extended to more than MB. It is generally used in the internal link of the building.
  
  
Typical optical power parameters: Maximum Value:-5 dBm; receiver sensitivity:-14 dBm
  
  
 
  
  
1000BASE-LX
  
  
1000BASE-LX corresponds to the 802.3z standard. Both Single-mode and multi-mode optical fibers can be used.
  
  
1000BASE-LX uses 62.5 μm multimode optical fiber, 50 μm multimode optical fiber, and 9 μm single-mode optical fiber.
  
  
The maximum transmission distance of a multimode optical fiber is 550 m, and the maximum transmission distance of a single-mode optical fiber is 3 km. 1000BASE-LX adopts 8B/10B encoding.
  
  
 
  
  
1000BASE-T
  
  
1000BASE-T (also known as IEEE 802.3ae) is a Gigabit Ethernet standard for copper wires.
  
  
Each 1000BASE-T CIDR block can reach a maximum of 100 meters (328 feet), and the worst transmission line is CAT-5.
  
  
CAT-5e and CAT-6 can also be used and are often recommended. 1000BASE-T requires four pairs of differential lines,
  
  
In addition, compared with the 100BASE-TX standard, the requirements for transmission lines are much higher than those for the latter.
  
  
If two Gigabit-speed devices are connected through four pairs of lines that do not meet CAT-5 Requirements, many frame verification errors and retransmission will occur.
 
 

 

Terms: two thousand Mbps Ethernet port Converter

 
 

  
  
GBIC Gigabit Ethernet Interface Converter (GBIC) is a signal Converter commonly used in Gigabit Ethernet and Fiber Channel.
  
  
According to the standard specification of this converter, ports of Gigabit Ethernet devices can directly correspond to various physical transmission interfaces, including copper wires, multimode optical fiber cables and single-mode optical fiber cables.
  
  
 
  
  
For network device manufacturers, as long as the device is designed to support GBIC ports, it can support a variety of transmission interfaces, without the need to design ports for various interfaces, you can save costs.
  
  
For the user, you do not need to pay attention to the port specification when purchasing the device. You only need to select the GBIC corresponding to the required transmission interface, and it is easy to make adjustments as needed.
  
  
 
  
  
The current GBIC has a Small version (Small Form-factor Pluggable, SFP), also known as mini GBIC (mini GBIC ),
  
  
The size is about half of the original size, which not only saves costs, but also doubles the port density of network devices.
 
 

 

Term 3 Small encapsulation pluggable transceiver (SFP)

 
 

  
  
Small encapsulated Hot swappable transceiver (SFP, Small form-factor pluggable transceiver) is a Small hot swappable optical transceiver,
  
  
It is used for optical communication applications in telecommunication and data communication. SFP connects the motherboard and optical fiber cables or UTP cables of network devices, such as switches and routers. SFP is an industrial specification supported by some fiber device vendors.
  
  
 
  
  
SFP transceiver supports SONET, Gigabit Ethernet, Fiber Channel, and some other communication standards. This standard is extended to SFP +,
  
  
Supports 10.0 Gbit/s transmission rate, including 8 gbabit Fiber Channel and 10GbE. Introduced the SFP + module version of optical fiber and copper core,
  
  
Compared with the Xenpak, X2, or XFP version of the module, the SFP + module retains some circuits on the main board, rather than in the module.
 
 

SFP type

 
 

  
  
SFP transceiver has a variety of different sending and receiving types. You can select an appropriate transceiver for each link to provide available optical fiber types (such as multimode or single-mode optical fiber) achieve "optical performance ".
  
  
Available optical SFP modules are generally divided into the following categories: 850 nm wavelength/550 m distance MMF (SX), 1310 nm wavelength/10 km distance SMF (LX), 1550 nm wavelength/40 km distance XD,
  
  
ZX 80 km away, EX or EZX 120 km away, and DWDM. SFP transceiver also provides copper interfaces, enabling host devices designed primarily for optical fiber communication to communicate through UTP Network cables.
  
  
There are also SFP for wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) and single optical fiber "bidirectional" (1310/1490 nm wavelength uplink/downlink.
  
  
 
  
  
Commercial SFP transceiver provides a rate of 4.25 Gbit/s bps. The 10 Gbps transceiver is encapsulated in XFP and a new variant "SFP +" that is basically consistent with SFP encapsulation ".
 
 

SFP Standardization

 
 

  
  
SFP transceiver is regulated by a multilateral protocol (MSA) between competitors. SFP is designed based on GBIC interfaces,
  
  
The port density is higher than that of GBIC (the number of receivers per inch on the side of the motherboard), so SFP is also called "mini-GBIC ".
  
  
The associated Small encapsulation transceiver (SFF transceiver) is smaller in size than SFP, but SFF is used as a pin
  
  
(As a pin through-hole device) is vertically inserted to the motherboard (hot swapping is not allowed), rather than parallel inserts to the side card slot like SFP (supports hot swapping.
 
 

 

Term IV Optical Fiber Connector (optical fiber jumper)

 
 

  
  
The optical fiber connector is the end device of the optical fiber. It aims to make the connection of the optical fiber more fast and convenient, without the need for fusion. The connection of the connector allows the light of two different optical fibers to pass through.
  
  
There are many kinds of connectors. The differences between different connectors vary depending on the size and connection method. Normally, the same connector is used in the same system.
  
  
 
  
  
Type (partial)
  
  
Name (full name) Chinese name connection method
  
  
LC (Lucent Connector/Local Connector) Lucent Connector/Local Connector slide buckle high-density connection
  
  
SC (Subscriber Connector/Standard Connector) Client Connector/Standard Connector slide Data Communication
 
 

 

Term 5 Optical Fiber jumper crossover

 
 

  
  
1 optical fiber jumper crossover
  
  
Each vswitch has two fiber-optic ports, one for one request. Of course, the optical fiber jumper must also be two; otherwise, communication between ports fails.
  
  
When a vswitch is cascade through an optical fiber port, both ends of the optical fiber jumper must be sent and received. When one end is "received", the other end is "sent ".
  
  
Similarly, when one end is connected to a "fat", the other end is connected to "accept". If both ends of the optical jumper are connected to "receive" or "send", the LEDs on the port are not on, indicates that the connection failed.
  
  
The LED indicator turns green only when the optical fiber port is successfully connected.
  
  
 
  
  
2. Optical jumper and port types
  
  
Jumper cables are divided into single-mode optical fiber and multi-mode optical fiber. The optical fiber port and jumper of the switch must be consistent with the optical fiber type used in integrated wiring,
  
  
That is to say, if multi-mode optical fiber is used during Integrated Wiring, the fiber interface of the switch must implement the 1000Base-SX standard,
  
  
Multi-Mode Optical Fiber jumpers must also be used. If single-mode optical fiber cables are used for integrated cabling, the optical fiber interfaces of the switch must comply with the 1000Base-LX/LH standard, and single-mode optical fiber jumpers must also be used.
  
  

  
  
Note that Multimode Optical Fiber has two types: 62.5/125 μM and 50/125 μM. Although the optical fiber ports of the vswitch are identical, both of them comply with the 1000Base-SX standard,
  
  
However, the core diameter of the optical jumper must be exactly the same as that of the optical cable. Otherwise, the connectivity will fail. In addition, the types of fiber-optic ports connected to each other must be identical,
  
  
Or both are Multimode Optical Fiber ports or single-mode optical fiber ports. One end is a Multimode Optical Fiber port, while the other end is a single-mode optical fiber port, which cannot be connected together.
  
  

  
  
3. transmission rate and duplex mode
  
  
Unlike 1000Base-T, 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-LX/LH, and 1000Base-ZX do not support self-adaptation. Ports of different speed and duplex working modes cannot connect and communicate.
  
  
Therefore, each fiber port must have the same transmission rate and duplex working mode. Therefore, you cannot connect a Mbps fiber port with a Mbps fiber port,
  
  
The full-duplex mode fiber port cannot be connected with the half-duplex mode fiber port. Otherwise, the connectivity will fail.
  
  
 
  
  
The transmission rate of the following cisco 2960G switch, of which 1000BaseTX is RJ45 twisted pair, and 1000 BaseSX SFP is Multimode Optical Fiber
  
  
Port Name Status Vlan Duplex Speed Type
  
  
Gi0/1 connected 1 a-full a-1000 10/100/1000 BaseTX
  
  
Gi0/2 notconnect 1 auto 10/100/1000 BaseTX
  
  
Gi0/3 connected 1 a-full a-1000 10/100/1000 BaseTX
  
  
Gi0/45 connected 1 a-full a-1000 1000 BaseSX SFP
 
 

 

Extension

More detailed

 
 

  
  
There are many optical modules. How can we differentiate them?
  
  
 
  
  
The optical fiber module consists of a transmitter (TOSA) and an external accessory of the receiver (ROSSA) circuit board IC.
  
  
Optical Fiber Module interfaces include FC, SC, LC, ST, FTRJ, and RJ45.
  
  
 
  
  
Optical Transceiver modules
  
  
By rate: 100 Base (1000 MB), 155 Base (Gigabit), 622 M, 2.5 M, G, 10G for 10 Ge SDH applications
  
  
Package: 1 × 9, SFF, SFP, GBIC, SFP +, XFP, X2, XENPAK
  
  
 
  
  
1 × 9 encapsulation-welded optical module, generally with a speed of 52 M/155 M/622 M/1.25G, using the SC Interface
  
  
SFF encapsulation-small solder encapsulation optical module, the general speed is 155 M/622 M/1.25G/2.25G/4.25G, mostly using LC Interface
  
  
GBIC encapsulation-hot swapping Gigabit Interface Optical module, using SC Interface
  
  
SFP encapsulation-hot swappable small encapsulation module. Currently, the maximum throughput is 155 M/622 M/1.25G/2.125G/4.25G/8G/10G. LC interfaces are used for most scenarios.
  
  
XENPAK encapsulation-Application in 10-Gigabit Ethernet, using SC Interface
  
  
XFP encapsulation-10g optical module, available in 10G Ethernet, SONET and other systems, mostly using LC Interfaces
  
  
 
  
  
By laser type: LED, VCSEL, fp ld, DFB LD
  
  
According to the emission wavelength: 850nm, 1310nm, 1550nm, etc.
  
  
By usage: Non-hot swapping (1 × 9, SFF), hot swapping (GBIC, SFP, XENPAK, XFP)
  
  
 
  
  
The Optical Fiber Module is divided into single-mode and multi-mode modules.
  
  
 
  
  
The optical wavelength of a single-mode optical fiber is 1310nm or 1550 nm.
  
  
The size of a single-mode optical fiber is 9-10/125 μm.
  
  
Its transmission distance is generally 10 KM 20 kM 40 KM 70 KM 120 KM
  
  
 
  
  
Multimode Optical Fibers use a wavelength of 850 nm or 1310nm.
  
  
Multi-Mode Optical Fiber 50/125 μm or 62.5/125 μM, the transmission distance is also different, generally 50/125 μm lines can be transmitted in a gigabit environment, 62.5/125 μM can only transmit 330 MB.
  
  
In terms of color, single-mode optical fiber and multi-mode optical fiber can be distinguished. The outer body of the single-mode optical fiber is yellow, and the outer body of the multi-mode optical fiber is orange.
  
  
 
  
  
Optical Fiber Module electrical frequency: PECL current: 18 Hao an, voltage: 3.3 V, 5 V temperature: 0 ~ 70,-40 ~ 70 (industrial)
  
  
Common symbols of optical modules: sx mm (850nm 550 M) lx sm (1310nm 15 KM) LHSM (1310nm 40 km) ZX (1550nm 70 KM) EZX (1550nm 120KM) SR LR ER ZR
 
 

 

End

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