PC Erection (Computer hardware)

Cpu
1.CPU: CPU for a specific function of the chip, which contains micro instruction set, if you want the host to do what specific functions, you have to refer to the CPU has the relevant built-in micro-instruction set to

The 2.CPU can be divided into two main units: arithmetic logic unit (ALU), control unit

3.CPU Frequency: The number of times the CPU can work per second
(1) FSB: speed of data transfer/operation between CPU and external components
(2) Octave: A multiple of the internal CPU used to speed up the performance of the work
(3) CPU frequency = FSB X octave

Comprehensive considerations for 4.CPU productivity: Micro-instruction set, frequency

Graphics
1.GPU
(1) Graphic processor (graphics processing Unit), a microprocessor dedicated to computing operations such as PCs, workstations, game consoles and some mobile devices such as tablets, smartphones, etc.
(2) is the "heart" of the graphics card, similar to the CPU, except that the GPU is designed to perform complex mathematical and geometric calculations that are necessary for graphical rendering. Some of the fastest GPU-integrated transistors even exceed the average CPU
(3) Most of the current GPU has 2D or 3D graphics acceleration function

Memory
1. Dual Channel design:
(1) The data width of the memory is of course the faster the better, but the traditional bus width is generally about 64 bits, in order to increase this width, two memory can be remitted together. A memory of 64 bits, two can reach 128 bits, this is the design concept of dual channel.
(2) to enable the dual channel function must be placed two (or four) memory, two of the memory of the model is best identical

2.DRAM:
(1) Personal Computer Memory main component is dynamic random access memory
(2) Ram can only be recorded and used when powered on, with power loss volatile

3.SRAM:
(1) The L2 cache must be at the same speed as the CPU frequency and the DRAM cannot be reached, so use static random access memory
(2) SRAM is not easy to make large capacity for cost reasons, but because it is fast, integration into the CPU becomes cache to speed up data access

4.CMOS
(1) There is a CMOS chip on the motherboard: its main function is to record important parameters on the motherboard, including system time, CPU voltage and frequency, the I/O address of each device and IRQ, etc.
(2) The CMOS chip is supplied by a small battery on the motherboard to give it additional power

5.BIOS
(1) The BIOS is a program.
(2) This procedure is written in a memory chip (ROM) on the motherboard, and the ROM can record data when there is no power
(3) The system executes the BIOS program at boot time to load parameters in the CMOS and attempts to invoke the boot program in the storage device to further enter the operating system
(4) Different computer enter the BIOS program keys are not the same, into the BIOS can view and modify the data in the CMOS

Motherboard
1. The most important part of the entire motherboard is the chipset, and the chipset is usually divided into two bridges to control the communication of the components, respectively:
(1) North Bridge (graphics and memory Controller): Responsible for connecting the CPU, memory, graphics card, PCI-E controller, front-end bus and other components;
(2) South Bridge (input/Output Controller): Responsible for the slow connection of the peripheral interface, including hard disk, USB, network card, audio module, IO interface and so on.

2. Two major x86 developers: Intel, AMD.
(1) Their CPU architectures are not compatible and the design philosophy is different, so the motherboard chipsets are designed differently.
(2) before Inter and AMD both have North-south bridge, the difference is: AMD's memory is directly related to the CPU and the difference between bridges.
(3) Now: The Intel chipset has only the South Bridge, the North Bridge function has been integrated with the CPU. But AMD's motherboard is still in the South Bridge.
More reference http://www.docin.com/p-1414509763.html

Hard disk

1. Composition of the hard disk: several discs, robotic arms, heads, spindle motors

2. Hard disk data read and write process: The data are written on the magnetic material of the disc, read and write is mainly through the robot arm on the Reading Head (head) to complete. In practical operation, the spindle motor rotates the disc, and then the mechanical arm stretches to allow the reading head to read and write on the platter.

3. HDD Interface:
(1) IDE: (integrated-drive-electronics) is now commonly used external interface, mainly connected to the hard drive and optical drive. Using 16-bit data parallel transmission mode, small size, fast data transmission. An IDE interface can only connect two external devices.
(2) SATA: Full name Serial ATA, that is, the ATA interface using the serial port, because of strong anti-jamming, and the length of the data line is much lower than ATA, support hot-Plug and other functions, SATA-II interface speed of 375mb/s, and the new SATA-III standard can be achieved 750mb/ Transmission speed of S. SATA data lines are also much finer than ATA, which facilitates the air flow inside the chassis and facilitates the cleaning of the wires. (currently used by personal PC)
(3) SCSI: The full name is the small computer system Interface (minicomputer interface), which undergoes multiple generations of development, from early scsi-ii to current Ultra320 SCSI and Fiber-channel (Fibre Channel), The interface type is also varied. SCSI hard drives are widely used by workstation-class PCs and servers, and therefore use more advanced techniques, such as high speeds of 15000rpm discs, and lower CPU usage when data is transmitted, but the unit price is also more expensive than ATA and SATA drives of the same capacity.

4. Reference parameters of the disk:
(1) capacity
(2) Buffer memory: The hard disk contains a buffer memory, this memory mainly can be used in the disk cache, to speed up the system read performance
(3) Speed: The hard disk is mainly using the spindle motor to rotate the disc to access, so speed will affect performance
(4) interface type
(5) Transfer rate
(6) Average seek time

Data storage for hard drives

                                                                         

                                                                                                                        Figure 1

Figure 2

                                                               

Figure 3

1. Head: The part that reads the data on the hard drive. Move between different tracks to read the data.

2. Track: A lot of concentric circles are divided on the hard disk, these concentric circles are the tracks. But open the hard drive, the user cannot see these, in fact the track is magnetized by the magnetic head concentric circle. There is a gap between the tracks because the magnetization unit is too close to cause interference.

3. Sector (Sector)
(1) Each track is divided into a number of equal parts of the area, each area is a slice of the area
(2) sector is the smallest storage unit of a disk
(3) The size of each sector is 512bytes, this value will not change!

4. Cylinder (Cylinder)
(1) If a disk has only 3 disk slices, the number of tracks per disc is equal. Starting from the outer ring, these tracks are divided into 0 tracks, 1 tracks, 2 tracks .... Concentric circles with the same track number are called cylindrical faces
(2) cylinder is the smallest unit when splitting a hard disk
(3) Number of cylinders is the number of tracks on the disk

3. Calculate the storage capacity of a hard disk: according to the Reading and writing principle of the hard disk, we can know how to calculate the volume of a hard disk, to figure out--how many cylinders? How many sectors are there in each cylinder? The size of each sector? How many heads?
Capacity of one hard disk = number of cylinders (or number of tracks) x sectors x size x number of heads (number of disks) per sector
(Size of a cylindrical face)

PC Erection (Computer hardware)