[Posting] Why can the Mongolian Cavalry go to the West?

The Western history of the Mongolian army
　　　　
　　　　　
In history, the Mongolian army launched several large-scale western expedition in the 13th century, the defeat of all enemies by virtue of a small army and a long Logistics Supply (the defeat in the 1260 campaign of ayingarot to Muslims was not counted) has changed the history of Asia and Europe, it also facilitated the military revolution in Europe and the Near East. The number of Mongolian troops in the West expedition is usually small, but the total number is about 0.2 million at most (the European battlefield has never exceeded 0.15 million), and the number of troops in a single battle is less, there was no "stacked and 20 miles thick" in the Battle of danzhou in the Central Plains. What are the reasons for this? In this article, we want to analyze the following aspects.
I. The tactics adopted by Western military forces are not applicable to the improved Eastern tactics of the Mongols.

In fact, the difference between the culture and the way of thinking between the East and the West has long been embodied in the tactics of both sides. In the war history of the East (represented by China and Arabic), there has never been a very tight and dense matrix of Western formations, step, ride, bow and arrow, gun all kinds of troops in close coordination. This is Western thinking

Rigorous, scientific division of labor, good at organizing large system engineering performance. In the Warring States Period of China, Qi Jiguang, the organization of the Ming Dynasty, was far from competing with chelaile and coordinated combat.

When the eastern army is in war, the formation is not strict, And the mobility and tactical flexibility of the troops are emphasized. Due to the influence of Sun Tzu's Art of War, the Eastern Army pays attention to the "deception" rather than the right-standing battle. Under the control of this tactical consciousness, the Unit attack force and protection force of the army are not strong. If we deal with the dense infantry phalanx of the Roman Empire and the Macedonia Empire, we adopt the front

There is no possibility of victory in the way of combat.

Unlike the eastern army, the western army adopted a strict formation from the very beginning, with a special emphasis on the attacking and protective force of the forward war. It was built on the square structure of the infantry of Rome and Macedonia.
Example. This type of infantry square is usually lined up by nobles and civilians in more than 20 lines of intensive teams, dressed in heavy armor, holding a long gun, the more back, the longer the long gun, mounted on the front of the shoulder
In this way, the front of the phalanx forms a true cluster of guns like forests. The back of the phalanx is usually followed by slaves for logistics and nursing work, or you can throw the spear to the other party without stopping. The two wings of the square matrix are protected by cavalry to avoid impact on the two wings. Obviously, the force of this tactic is far from comparable to that of the eastern army, but its weakness is also

Very prominent: it is inconvenient for the team to rotate. always pay attention to keep the formation tight.
　　　
Even in the age of iron, the development of the horse's saddle gear makes the cavalry more and more important. There are also huge differences between the two sides in the tactical use of cavalry. The cavalry in the east rarely has heavy armor, and the cavalry can use a saber, a long gun, or a bow and arrow. The main purpose of cavalry is to provide the military's mobile capabilities and positive impact, and it can be used in a large range of operations. The western Cavalry troops have developed powerful heavy-armor cavalry. soldiers wearing thick locks can effectively resist the killing of knives and arrows. The cavalry use long guns and long swords, which are highly lethal. However, unlike the east, cavalry tactics are still used in the same way as the ancient Roman infantry phalanx. They pay attention to the lethal force and protective force of the formation and the front, and have little tactical maneuver capability, the combat scope is still in a very small area.

Due to geographical barriers, East and West troops, apart from the large-scale wars between European and Middle East troops, the China-centered eastern army never met Western troops thousands of miles away. The only possible opportunity was Alexander's death when he conquered India and was about to enter the east.

The tactics of the Mongols.

Mongolia fell behind in various ministries in Genghis Khan and immediately began a large-scale attack on the dynasties in northern China. At the beginning, the Mongolian army relied entirely on the mobility and attack capabilities of the cavalry. Like the previous nomadic army, there was no synergy between the infantry's attacking forces. In front of the strong walls of the Central Plains, powerful cavalry is powerless, even though they are invincible in the field. Soon, the Mongols learned from the army of Liao, Jin, and XI Xia the skill of infantry, changed the tactics of relying solely on cavalry, and learned to use the new gunpowder and stone throwing weapons invented by the Han nationality.

In terms of tactics, the Mongols especially emphasize the mobility of the troops, and take the long-distance copy and round-robin as the main tactical features. The long-distance mobility of the Mongols has reached an unprecedented level in history. They can often perform large-scale maneuver on hundreds of miles, making it difficult for the enemy to predict and prevent their attacks. They rarely rely on tickets in the battle.
A pure positive impact is usually used by a small portion of the cavalry to constantly harass the enemy and withdraw after being attacked, the cavalry, which had been copied on all sides, flocked after a dense bow and arrow shot. This tactic has been used by Huns, Han, Qidan, and female in the past. But like the Mongols, when they used a wandering horse as a spy, large-scale cavalry could launch attacks remotely at any time. In addition, the Mongols are incorporated into the Han Dynasty and other northern ethnic minorities in large quantities, using the advanced attacking equipment of the Han nationality.
The task of attacking the city was to make them almost everything in the east, whether it was the wild land war or the city pulling out the village.

In fact, the cavalry of the Mongolian army cannot defeat heavy armored cavalry in Europe one by one at all times, the spears and swords of heavy armored cavalry in Europe are much more lethal than the knives, spears, or langes of the Mongolian cavalry. The horses of European cavalry are far more advanced than those of Mongolian horses. However, the strategy and tactics of the Mongolian cavalry are far from those of the European cavalry. The battle of the European army no matter how large the army is on a very small battlefield. In addition, the European army has the usual knight wind, and chongxin is a one-on-one combat. When they meet the Mongolian army who can make a battlefield in a hundred miles away and get used to turning back, they are indeed encountering an unimaginable war scene.
　　　　
During the Westward Expedition of the Mongols, when a large army encounters an attack on the front of the enemy, the Mongolian cavalry will quickly form a tactical team to launch a positive attack. The tactical formation is usually arranged in about five horizontal lines, each of which is a single column. The horizontal teams are separated by a wide distance. In this way, we have formed a huge front with the opponent (in modern tactics, this kind of big front that can easily impact the other party is extremely unfavorable ). The first two squadrons are heavy cavalry (relative to the eastern army), and the remaining are light cavalry (relative to the western light cavalry, it can be regarded as not any armored cavalry ). In addition, there are also a large number of wandering around for seemingly meaningless sports.

　　　
When the troops on both sides are approaching, the light cavalry of the Mongolian army will suddenly rush out at an extremely high speed from the huge gap in the front line of the heavy cavalry brigade, throwing a spear and a poison arrow learned from the Central Plains to western enemies. After several rounds of shooting, the heavy cavalry quickly retreated, and then the light cavalry quickly withdrew and returned to the original position. The attacked Western troops, whether infantry or cavalry, are hard to quickly fight back at this time. They must keep the formation in a tight forward direction. Otherwise, they cannot take advantage of themselves to kill the Mongolian troops. Normally, only one or two such attacks by the Mongolian army cavalry will shake the formation of the enemy army. This type of repeated attacks can be carried out by the Mongolian troops, regardless of day or night. Because the teams are far away from each other and do not need to be too strict, the formation of the Mongolian troops can easily be neatly arranged away from the enemy. Once the enemy's army formation is chaotic and the troops begin to withdraw, the broad Mongolian cavalry formation will quickly become a copy formation, and the enemy will be cut and killed at close distance.

　　　
When the Mongolian army advances rapidly in the army, it usually leaves only a few troops for surveillance in case of an enemy's solid Castle, this makes it impossible for the rear enemies to prepare for war.

　　　　　
In addition. The Mongolian army often used the Winter River to freeze and started a war.

Example. On October 16, 1241, the Soviet Union and the tug-of-war division of Mongolia attacked Eastern Europe and forcibly crossed the Karba mountains to prepare for the Hungary plain division. There were two small-scale Cavalry troops on the far flank of the two troops, along the way, the strategic intent of the main troops was swept across Poland, silisia and East China. Hungary Bella arrived in pest city in the Mongolian army
Previously, I determined the intention of the Mongolian army, and immediately organized an army of 0.1 million people to fight against the Mongolian army. The main force of nearly 60 thousand people in Mongolia avoided the attack of the Hungary army and withdrew a little. In April, the two sides finally faced a confrontation on the bank of shaoyu. Hungary decided that the other side was the main force of Mongolia, and quickly seized a huge bridgehead, and used a large number of carriages on the west bank of the river to form a solid barracks, waiting for the Mongolian army to attack. After the subsequent arrival of the yundun army engineers, yundun immediately shot at the Hungary army guarding the bridgehead with powerful stone-throwing cars and rockets at dawn. The defender troops collapsed instantly under unprecedented attacks, the Mongolian cavalry quickly crossed the bridge and attacked the Hungary army's main force. When Hungary lined up with confidence to kill the yundun, who was at an absolute disadvantage in quantity, it was soon discovered that this was not the main force! Yundun's main force of about 30 thousand people has traveled through the Cold River by night in the south of nearly a hundred miles away. The main force of Mongolia immediately withdrew its solid barracks from the back to the Hungary army. The workers of the Mongols fired dense boulder, rocket, and poison arrow (the poison arrow recorded in the historical history of the Mongols, containing the cream beans, produced a strong poison smoke) and burning oil. Most of these attack weapons were first seen by Western troops, and they were so anxious. The Mongols adopted the "besieged city" tactic, and Hungary quickly collapsed and fled from the gap. However, the speed and endurance of the Light-packed Mongolian army are much higher than those of the escaped army. At the battle of shaoyohe, more than 70 thousand people were killed in Hungary army. Yundun quickly conquered pest city and killed more than 100,000 people. C

　　　　
Thanks to the high mobility of the troops, the Mongolian army has wiped out a large number of European troops in Europe, which are sturdy but clumsy. Due to the speed disadvantage of the European army, there were very few people who escaped from the battlefield. For a long time, Europeans always believed that the number of Mongolian troops was extremely large. In addition, because the European army relies mainly on close-range combat measures

The Mongolian army only suffered a small number of casualties when using machine operations. Modern European military history experts believe that the proportions of European and Mongolian troops in war casualties may be the greatest disparity in the cold weapons era.

2. Special Equipment of the Mongols

Yuma.
　　　　
Yundun is the most inferior horse from the eyes of modern people. Yundun horse is short and slow, and its obstacle ability is far inferior to that of Europe. However, yundun horses are the most endurance horses in the world and have the lowest environmental and food requirements. yundun horses can be found at any time in the cold desert of Asia or in the European plain.
. It can be said that yundun has the strongest adaptability. Yundun horses can run without stopping long distances and survive in the wild regardless of the cold or hot weather. yundun horses can ride and pull loads at any time, this is also the reason why all traditional Chinese good horses are eventually replaced by yundun horses.

　　　　
In addition to riding tools, yundun horse is also a type of food source in the Mongolian army. The Mongolian cavalry uses a large number of mother horses and can provide horse milk. This also reduces the logistical requirements of the Mongolian army. In addition, the Mongolian cavalry usually has more than one war horse.

　　　　　
The special advantages of Yuma allow the Mongolian army to have the speed and mobility capabilities that were unmatched by any army at that time. For example, in the winter of June 1241, when the main cavalry of soubutai crossed the Karba mountains from the luskyamaguchi and suddenly appeared in the grand city of the river basin, it took only three days, the distance between the two regions is more than three hundred kilometers,
Most of them are mountainous areas without roads.
　　　　　
The new weapons of the Central Plains.
　　　　　
The new weapons used by the Mongols, such as stone vehicles and rockets, were originally used to guard against the Mongolian army in various dynasties in the Central Plains. However, the Mongolian army quickly used such equipment to defend against high-City attacks. The emergence of gunpowder and rocket weapons in the Age of cold weapons is naturally amazing. In addition, they are never seen before.
It also has a huge psychological shock. In the European battlefield, in many cases, gunpowder weapons have not completely damaged the walls, and the defender will lose the will to fight and begin to abandon the city and flee.
　　　　　
Various equipment of the Mongolian cavalry.
　　　　　
Because the Mongolian Cavalry has never strictly divided their weapons like those in Europe, and is not as heavy as the weapons used by the European army, the Mongolian cavalry carries various weapons with him, so that different tasks can be completed at any time. The weapons carried by the Mongolian cavalry are usually bows and arrows, horse knives, spears, and langes. It is worth mentioning that the bows and arrows of the Mongols,
Their bows and arrows grew up and needed about 80 kilograms of power to pull them apart. he was always unable to open the hard bow of the Mongols in Boro. He has a long range and is almost the most important killing weapon of the Mongolian cavalry. In addition, the Mongolian cavalry often equips other weapons based on their personal interests, such as the rope covers of horse sets and the net covers of horse sets. This seems incredible to the regular European army and is also hard to prevent. In addition, the armor of the Mongolian cavalry is mostly made of leather, which is light and tough. Although it is far less powerful than the locks of heavy armored cavalry in Europe, it is easy to maintain long-term combat effectiveness. In addition, it will not become intolerable torture in the cold and hot seasons like armored armor.

Iii. Special Social Organizations for Mongolian military training, endurance, and militarized

The Mongolian army and the nomadic people in northern China are soldiers from an early age. When I grew up on my horse, my childhood toys were bows and arrows. When I was an adult, I became a professional soldier. As I grew up in a cold and hard environment, I had a very tough and tough character. I never paid much attention to material conditions. It is a common practice to climb ice and sleep. The habit of traveling from a distance is even more small. The lack of material conditions makes the logistical burden of the Mongolian army very light. The Mongolian military has the will and ability of the farming nations that settled in the east and west to fight continuously. This is what excludes the exclusive gender cavalry in the west and the captured people in China.

　　　　　
　　　　　
Compared with all enemies, the Mongols are lagging behind in terms of culture and material. large-scale attacks and looting have always been the reason and motivation for encouraging them to maintain their strong combat power. The hunger for wealth and the stimulation of murder make the Mongols almost never stop launching external wars. The policies of the Mongols allow soldiers to slaughter at will, and psychologically allow the blood and courage of the killing to stimulate the war and raw courage of the soldiers, making the Mongolian soldiers extremely brave and brutal soldiers. The extensive exploitation partially solved the problem of the Mongolian army's logistics supply.

In addition, after the unification of the tribes in Mongolia, the foreign war was almost used as the basis for the survival of the nation. Instead, the nomadic community fell to the second seat, and Mongolia entered a completely military path. To train the best army, the three-or four-year-old Mongolian people were put into specialized military training departments for military learning. They were strictly trained for horse riding and archery. These are
The combat quality and skills of the Cavalry troops composed of children trained by a small team are extremely amazing. They can shooting the enemy accurately on the back of the horse, whether it is a charge or a rapid retreat. In other words, all ordinary soldiers are like liguang. In this regard, almost all of their foreign enemies cannot do this. This is why European troops suffered heavy casualties when they did not kill the Mongolian cavalry.

　　　　　
The Mongols have established social organizations appropriate to the war. The leaders of each tribe are the management organizers of life and production and the management organizers of military operations. When a war is launched to the outside world, all people can be mobilized, regardless of whether they are men, women, and children. For example, the long-standing siege on the county of Hualien is the participation of the whole people, grazing and living in the city, and maintaining the military
Continue to attack until the city is conquered.
　　　　　
To sum up, it is almost inevitable that the Mongolian army will be invincible in the east of the Asian and European continents. The failure of Mongolia on the Japanese and Vietnamese battlefields happens because these two battlefields are the most difficult places for the Mongolian army to take advantage. They have to get down and take a boat. God bless them to reach their destination safely. After arriving at the shore, they will not be able to peat on a large scale in front of the jungle Mountain, or even ride horses. What's worse, the humid air makes their noses unable to breathe in the Mainland's climate. They become sick people or are killed by plague, just as the European army cannot adapt to them, nor can they adapt to the army that is always emerging from the jungle. What's more, their comrades-in-arms are suspicious Chinese.