Practical skills in reading and writing scientific research papers

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Master Bo Experience-turn to, as long as you know, less go a lot of detours AH

The article from the "Graceful pig" there, it feels very good, but I feel that the doctor did not know that it seems a little late, or a lot of people will not go to read Bo, or hope that all the master friends have seen can be harvested from it.

How to read literature-1

1. Objectives:

Aimless without efficiency, can't grasp the focus is inefficient. The topic may have a period of time in the confused state, do not know where to start. Read a lot of literature at random, but do not know why. Under the guidance of the instructor, in the peer-inspired, some people can quickly clear the target, targeted, starting from here. Even if the tutor does not lead, there is no fixed problem, you have to set a specific question to see the literature. No matter what you do or don't do in the future, it's better than no goal, guaranteed to be fruitful. The general principles of scientific research are common.

2. Level:

For a specific subject, the relevant literature belongs to three levels: Research direction, research field and research topic . For example, some people study the differentiation of stem cells to treat Parkinson's disease, for him, the research direction is Parkinson's disease, the research field is Parkinson's disease stem cell Therapy, the research topic is that some kind of substance induces stem cells to differentiate to secrete dopamine nerve cells. When you look at the literature, you need to distinguish what level of literature you have in your hand, which determines how much you want to know about it.

• Research direction level of literature : general, basic knowledge, discipline level, understand the current major progress and trends, to reach the professional level;
• research Field Level literature : Understand the focus and hotspots, have/are/will be carried out on the subject, to reach the expert level;
• The research topic level literature : must be comprehensive, the understanding history, the present situation, the prospect, the main method, the means, achieves the NO1 expert level. Correct the level of the article in order to focus on the idea.

3. Form: The broad literature includes all forms of publication that can be read. Textbooks, monographs, summaries of meetings, periodicals, web pages, and even PPT files. Like what:

• To understand the basic forms of immune response, it is better to read textbooks;
• To refer to the three-dimensional mapping of rat brain, it is best to read monographs;
• To be aware of the latest developments, it is best to consult journals;
• To understand other people's research trends, it is best to attend or read the conference papers compilation.

Do not find the wrong source of information.

4. Degree: The degree of familiarity with the literature is different, the way to read the literature is very diverse.

• Beginners learn to read, word for word, to understand the details, master the most basic points of knowledge. The first more than 10, dozens of articles to be intensive reading, the essence of several even to recite.
• Veteran search-type reading, has been familiar with a variety of common patterns of research and general routines, can quickly extract key information, grasp the idea, often do not read in accordance with the regular sequence. Some people look at the picture to talk, some people distinguish literacy.
• Master critical Reading, sharply, pointing to the problem. In fact none of the papers is invulnerable.

Novice to steady, veteran to quasi, master to ruthless. Novice, veteran, master of the representative are graduate students, mentors and reviewers, but serious study of graduate students can be achieved in 3 years from novice to master of the transmutation. If you have a clear position on yourself, you can choose the right way to read.

5. Contradiction: The literature read more, the brain is filled with information. The public is justified, the PO said that the PO is reasonable, but at a loss? In order to solve this problem, evidence-based medicine divides the level of clinical trial evidences; Similarly, we should pay attention to the strength of experimental evidence in literature.

• Finding contradictions is the first step;
• Finding similarities and differences is the second step;
• Thinking about the solution is the third step.

From the contradictory conclusion derivation to find the source of contradictions, at this time, if you can jump out of the circle, do not take the thinking set, from the original scientific issues, "No recruit wins the recruit", is really to reach another realm. Why do the reviews of foreigners falsely misrepresent their own summaries? Why repeat the experiments that others have done to misrepresent their thinking?

How to read literature-2

1. look at the summary first, then read the treatise . Look at the concept of summary, see the method of Master.

2. Start early. learn the key techniques before your brother and sister leave .

3. Most articles look at abstracts, few articles read the full text . Master a bit of the full text of the skills, often to get the full text for the music, so that there is no time to read the content of the article, more disdain to see the summary. The true usefulness of the full text is not many, excessive pursuit of the full text is a waste, not to go to extremes. Of course, it is not right to look at abstracts.

4. Focus time on the literature. See always forget, read the literature more scattered time, waste time more. Focusing time is easier to relate to and form an overall impression.

5. do the recording and marking . Copy or print a document, mark or annotate it directly with a pen. PDF or HTML-formatted document, you can use the editor to highlight or change the text color. This is another important means to avoid wasting time. Otherwise it doesn't look.

6. the articles to be quoted should be read in person . Quoted caused by the baseless assertion numerous.

7. Note the reference value of the article . The influence factor of the publication and the cited times of the article can reflect the reference value of the article. But pay attention to the other articles that cite this article as to how to evaluate this article: support or objection, add or correct.

8. communication is the best teacher . What is your first reaction to the difficulty of doing experiments? Try again? Give? Reading? These practices make sense, but the first thing to think about is communication. For the person who has the identity, the private consultation embodies your respect for him, and the public discussion of the people who are in the same year can make everyone speak freely and be cautious. Never be behind closed doors. An experiment toss half a year, later people tell you that is dead end, not to be a sucker?

9. The highest level of ability is the ability to express , and then good work ultimately depends on the approval of others. The ability to express, embody the ability of writing and speaking, is the quality that needs to be cultivated for a long time. For example, found a rare case, wrote a treatise, write well can only send a case report. For example, to do a project, write a paper or a number of articles, not good can only send a summary of the treatise or be shot. A picture, a table, all is the embodiment of the ability to express. A few hundreds of thousand words of tender, can win a large fund, although the relationship is very important, but too bad to write. Some people say, I do not study PCR, do not learn SPSS, just learn ppt (PowerPoint) can be. This makes a point, the boss of the laboratory is on the surface of a string of ppt walking the lake. There are always a lot of graduate students who are well-known for their thinking agile regulations. Often a graduate student does not understand "why do I do most of the work and the boss makes the article for someone else who doesn't work?" Let him speak to the assembly? "Did you not see the ability to have a mouth?"

learn English Well, not learn two outside . Today, whether in Japan or Europe, academic exchanges have long been the world of English. You don't have to be sorry to read a French article, the person who wrote the article is anxious about not learning English well. If the English is not proficient, do not learn two outside.

English article writing

1. read 10 articles, summarize 100 commonly used sentence patterns and common phrases, and review regularly . Note that the author must be a native English speaker, and the content of the document should be relevant to your profession. This is a byproduct of reading the literature at ordinary times.

2. find 3-5 technical routes and statistical methods close to your subject, reading, and writing a draft of the paper . Write in a uniform format of title, author, abstract, background, purpose, material, method, results, discussion, acknowledgements, references, legends, diagrams, tables, photos, and descriptions. The advantage of this is that it can be easily changed to any magazine format.

3. for each part of the paper, in particular a specific method, to discuss a specific aspect, find 5-8 literature reading, enrich and perfect . The discussion here deals only with English expressions and is recommended only to those who lack English writing experience.

4. Find the contributors of the magazine you want to vote for, then find 2-3 article of the magazine and rewrite it according to its format . Note that each rewrite must be saved as a different file name before the problem can not be recovered.

5. find English Master to change . If you can't find the right person, go to a company that offers English language editing services (Chinese correction and improvement,not translation), which is highly recommended to people who have no time in the money.

Document management

1. When downloading the electronic document (caj,pdf,html), paste the title of the article as the file name . Note that the file name cannot have a special symbol, to put//: *? < > | And the newline character is deleted. You can prevent duplicate downloads by setting the file name every time you follow the same habit.

2. different themes are stored in different folders. The title of the folder should be short , such as: Pd,ltp,pkc,no.
3. read the literature into sub-folders, at least to the useful and useless separate.

4. important literature is based on the importance of adding 001,002,003 numbers to the file name and then arranging the icons by name, and the most important documents are in the front line.

5. Copy or print the document, punch the Hole (￥10-15), and load into the hard folder (￥10-20/). We often play some clever tricks on references, but these will reduce the quality of the paper.

References to ' five forbidden areas '

1. knowing and not citing , obviously borrowed from peers similar work, but deliberately do not quote peer similar work, so that their work looks "novel" "Leading". In fact, peer review may be.

2. out of context, deliberately intercept the author's attempts to negate the part to foil his own point of view.

3. inaccurate , not carefully read the original, the quotation errors.

4. Sources are untrue and some sources are unreliable (such as informal or non-academic publications) and do not indicate the source. Common in some statistics.

5. Blind self-citation , not to explain their work and the relationship between the previous work, but simply to improve their own articles cited times and self-cited.

the domestic article level is not high several reasons :

1. The reviewer's knowledge is obsolete. Older reviewers were limited in their ability to search the literature and the Internet, and could not verify whether the study was meaningful, where the innovation was, whether the method was reliable and whether the results were credible. But it is inconceivable that they often refer to the review of the review is "insufficient new reference literature."

2. Select the wrong reviewer. Although the general designation of two reviewers, but the editorial department often let people who do not understand molecular biology of molecular biology articles, so that people do not understand the statistics of statistics processing more complex articles. For saving, few people have suggested that "I am not fit to judge this article."

3. Relationship articles have a relationship and everything is easy.

4. Negative results are not recognized. An honest negative result is considered meaningless. No wonder someone cries out, "I'm going to run a negative magazine."

5. Fraud. No one is willing to be the victim of the system. There is no way to get out of the expected results. For survival, for the scheduled graduation, build it.

Dynamics of Science

1. research by accumulation . As Roentgen discovered X-rays, the chances of winning the Nobel Prize with a simple observation are getting less. More scientific research results from the long-term accumulation of laboratory. Ultimately deserved.
Do not expect skyrocketing rise to do scientific research. Don't be too ambitious on design issues. The same is true for fund reviews. There is little likelihood of getting funding without prior accumulation. Choose a tutor to think well: Do you want to betweens from scratch?

2. documents to be traced . When you open a question by looking at the literature, it may be quite different when it comes to the problem. Attention should be paid to tracing during the experiment. With good luck, you can get more clues, bad luck and find someone else to beat you. Revise your experiment accordingly. Be sure to check the literature again before you write your paper.

3. record to review . The previous experiment records should be reviewed frequently. As experience increases and awareness increases, you will find that the initial judgment may not be correct.

To write a graduation thesis

1. outline the list first . It is a bad habit to write on the list without an outline. Hundreds of words no problem, thousands of words reluctantly, tens of thousands of words is difficult. must list the writing outline, and then enrich the consummation, in order to guarantee the thought coherence and the word count balance.

2. usually write more . Summarize the periodical work in time, write more articles and contribute more. To the final stage, these words organically together, is a very good graduation thesis.

3. do not list all data . In order to guarantee the weight of graduation thesis, graduate students tend to observe more indicators. But the graduation thesis is not the more data the better. Be sure to discard data that has little to do with the subject matter. Otherwise, it appears to be cumbersome or loose, or a flaw.

4. Print the changes . A lot of errors can be missed by modifying them directly on the computer. To minimize any errors, be sure to print out the changes.

5. let others point out the error . Self-modification, still subject to the limitations of personal habits. The mistake was there, but it turned a blind eye. Let others give you the wrong point, whether he is in the same profession as you.

Practical skills in reading and writing scientific research papers