The operating systems we know are probably all Windows series, and Apple's success in recent years has allowed MacOS to step into the ordinary user. In the server domain, I am afraid that Linux is no one knows nobody. They are all operating systems, and they are in their own field of dominance. This is also thanks to another antique-level operating system--unix, although the antique level, only he is older, performance and functionality, Unix still has a tenacious vitality.
Let's make a cup of tea, review the Unix saga, discuss the hatred of Windows and Mac OS, and the rapid rise of Linux.
Unix Legends
Time goes back to the 60 's, and most computers use batch processing commands. In order to develop a multi-purpose, multi-user operating system. Three well-known companies have joined together to develop. Three well-known companies are the United States Telephone and Telegraph Company (American telephone and telegraph inc.;at&t), General Electric Co. ; g.e.) and MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology;mit). The operating system developed by the entire project is called Multics. But later, the Multics project began to get lost, the goal was too big, the function is too complex, the people who research and development do not understand how this project will go down. Bell Labs, the final member of the company, withdrew from the project.
It's worth mentioning that Bell Labs. The laboratory has been an important part of the entire history of human science and technology, and the telephone was born in this laboratory. There are brilliant engineers and hackers. As Bell Labs withdrew from the Multics, Bell Labs engineers accustomed to using Multics suddenly failed to use the Multics, which undoubtedly confiscated the swordsman's sword. At the time, Bell Labs had a man named Ken Thompson who was responsible for writing a game called "Space Travel" for the Multics operating system. To keep the game going, he had to rewrite an operating system. When he went to apply for a computer, it was clear that the leader would not approve a computer for a game. The early computer is not as small as our current PC. At that time the computer was a Big Mac, and the cost of each was extremely expensive, and only businesses and research institutions could afford it.
Digital Equipment Corporation;dec produces two of small computer PDP series and VAX. Ken can not get pdp-11, but in a corner found pdp-7, although this machine has fallen behind, Ken still feel unsanitary environment, then he very smooth with the Assembly completed the operating system, and finished the game. Interestingly, one of Ken's colleagues, Brian Kernighan, did not like the system very much, and laughed at Ken Thompson, saying: "You write the system is really rotten, simply called UNICs forget it." (UNICs in English, contrary to mult). Ken's evaluation of Brian was not much of a rejection, and his goal was to play, not the operating system, but also the name of a colleague. Then he is more willing to promote his game, let colleagues entertain entertainment. It was August 1969, and this year, Finland was born with a baby, and Linus Torvalds came to the world with a cry.
Things are always interlocking, but no one knows which ring the ring will buckle to. Ken's other colleague Dennis Ritchie is not much interested in Ken's game, but has a unique feeling for unics. At that time Ken used the assembler to complete the UNICs, if switched to pdp-11, UNICs wanted to run must re-write code porting. Ken is unable to provide hundreds of UNICs versions for different models at that time. At this time, Dennis Ritchie on the basis of BCPL, developed a new high-level language will unics re-write again, and named UNIX. This language is the BCPL language has been upgraded, that is, later the famous C language. Despite being game and taunt, Unix and C were born, and the perfect combination became a unity, and C and Unix soon became the dominant world. The new history, began.
At that time, American companies, engineers have completed the development, often have a vacation, a break is a year. Travel, adventure is a good way, but Ken chose to Berkeley (Berkeley) to teach. It is no wonder that American and European education technology is so developed, there are always hackers to inherit knowledge and technology. The Bell Lab was unable to sell Unix because of the US antitrust sanctions at the time. We can only provide you with study research. It is because of this open environment that the function and characteristics of unxi are constantly enriched. In Berkeley, there is a specialized UNIX team that provides many new features for UNIX, such as the famous TCP/IP protocol. and completed the BSD version. Soon, there are companies to see the BSD business opportunities, sub-purchase BSD for commercial.
At the time, the company was unhappy with the other agencies holding the UNIX money themselves. It was a time when the Unix era was a vain attempt to privatize. In order to privatize the unix,1986 year IEEE designated a commission to develop an open operating system standard called POSIX (Portable Operating systems Interface). And BSD legal lawsuit, at at the same time, at the same time, the lawsuit has been hit at the time and again to sell their UNIX system laboratory. Of course, at/T UNIX has achieved this standard to establish a war victory, and has acquired a UNIX registered trademark. At this time, BSD advocates are self-evident as the ruthless corporate empire of the rebel forces. The Independent Bell Lab was able to sell Unix separately, at an expensive price. At this time, people were frightened by the expensive UNIX, and the number of users was drastically reduced. At the same time, Bill Joy of the Berkeley BSD group started a company, later known as the world's sun company. As far as sales are concerned, At&t/unix always catch up with Bsd/sun. and sun production of small workstations, swept the entire market, will soon beat Dec, and let Dec out of the historical stage.
BSD is still in the lawsuit, but other companies have seen the business opportunities of UNIX, to join the company and develop their own unxi, including the famous IBM AIX,HP Hp-ux,sun company Solaris, as well as an unknown small company in Seattle, Also produces a Unix called Xenix. Time to continue to walk, the small company's three founders playing poker, the heart is still conceived. How your company challenges and replaces those Big Mac companies is a dream for Microsoft's future.
the hatred of Windows and Mac OS
There is no doubt that the birth of Unix has played a vital role in the development of computers. People can use the computer through the operating system. At the time, though, the minicomputer PDP series and the VAX series produced by Dec were thinner than the early-risers, but for individuals, computers were quite large and expensive and could not be made civilian.
In order to reduce the size of large computers, many companies are trying. In 1975, IBM introduced an early-riser PC-compatible machine. We know that the operating system is directly related to the CPU, and the operating system of different CPUs is not the same. At that time, Unix was expensive, IBM a PC-compatible machine cost 2w dollars, operating system to spend 4w. This is still not civilian, so IBM chose a small company inter production of the X86 series of CPUs. Inter is a small company? Yes, it was, it was, small to humble. But the mainstream production of the CPU is Motorola, Motorola production of M6800 than inter technology and design are much more advanced, more importantly, this can run UNIX. IBM abandoned UNIX on a compatible machine and had to write out a compatible X86 operating system---pl/m. Of course, the cost of this stuff is also expensive.
Microsoft co-founder Allen classmate Tim Paterson originally intended to write something to test the 16-bit Intel 8086 CPU interface, and spent four weeks writing an operating system. When Bill Gates learned that he had bought the system for $5 a day, Tim Paterson was ecstatic and made a lot of money in four weeks, almost as if he had dreamed of signing a contract with Bill, which he then named DOS. Bill was then able to negotiate with IBM executives through his mother, a member of his IBM board of directors. IBM-compatible operating systems are expensive and not suitable for a common user, and IBM's main rival is a raging apple,ibm. It takes a cheap computer to suppress apple. Microsoft can provide cheap DOS, not selling the operating system, of course, but selling operating system licenses. Each IBM compatible computer is bundled with a DOS. Bill's tricks are tied, from DOS to IE are the same, of course, particularly effective. IBM didn't think much of it, they thought the hardware was the root of the money, and the DOS was cheap. The combination of the two makes the market quite popular and Bill also earns tens of thousands of knives.
IBM-compatible machines are gradually being marketed to the market, with Apple at a higher level. Prior to that, in a garage, two young geeks, one with a passion for machines, the other was very enthusiastic about changing the world, two people glued together, and created a great company Apple. Unlike IBM's compatible machines, Apple's early computers were used by Motorola's CPUs and UNIX. Jobs ' unique artistic temperament and Wozniak's technical genius make Apple's microcomputer very popular in the market.
Jobs ' pursuit of technology and art has allowed him to continually improve Apple's computers. The Parc Institute of Xerox (Xerox) in 1973 developed a GUI interface with a mouse (digression, historically there were two famous Lei Feng Labs, mentioned earlier by Bell and this Parc). But Xerox itself is the production of printers, the board of Directors inexplicably feel that once the GUI appears, customers will not be happy to use the printer, so the results of the Park lab cold limbo.
1979 Steve Jobs went to the Parc Institute to see the Xerox prototype Alto. Keen jobs immediately discovered the business value of the GUI and mouse, and soon he persuaded Xerox to buy a GUI for a very low price to study. Apple introduced Apple Lisa in 1983 for the first time using a GUI-commercialized computer. Lisa was born, shocked the entire computer market, the garage of young people so worth billions.
Apple is thriving, and Mcriosoft bill is not in the taste of the heart. Now people are accustomed to comparing jobs with Bill, and there is no denying that they are great, at least in the IT field. Unlike Jobs ' perfectionism and paranoia, Bill is more tactful and more moderate. Bill found jobs, greatly praised the greatness of jobs, and then humbly begged for an Apple GUI, and promised all Microsoft's results were Apple's. Mighty's jobs agreed, Bill got the Lisa prototype, immediately organized the team to develop, and in May 1990 launched Windows3.0 and a gun and red. Business has been a phenomenal success. Broke the six-week sales record for any software product, thus starting Microsoft's monopoly on the operating system.
At this time jobs found Bill the thief, furious, but too late. In this respect, Bill does not deny, but he is very proud of the irony of Jobs said: "We have a rich neighbour--xerox, his family has a TV." When we tried to steal it, we found that Steve had stolen it, but he said we were thieves. Both of them verified the famous motto of Picasso: "Good artist plagiarism, great artist stealing." ”
But Jobs was unwilling, so he started developing the Macintosh, because the Macintosh was expensive. Gradually lag behind Microsoft Windows on the market. Windows continues to evolve, and for Jobs,apple is brewing an earthquake, 1985 jobs is driven out of Apple.
Now, what is Unix doing?? UNIX is busy with the BSD lawsuit, it is these times, missed the operating system development of prime time, when Microsoft and Apple gradually from the small people into Giants, Unix has been out of business mainstream. Nonetheless, Unix's innate elegance does not degrade, and DEC produces machines that were originally operating systems, and with the development of Unix later, they had to buy PDP and VAX when they added Unix. Where VAX itself has an operating system VMX. As a result of the Unix invasion, the VMX team faced dissolution.
Windows swept the market, a momentary luoyangzhigui. But the early windows were not stable, and the blue screen was commonplace. Bill did not steal the core technology of jobs and only got the GUI. So windows is inherently inadequate. The depressed bill found the same depressed VMX team. Soon a combination of two frustrated people. Microsoft's hard-won combination of Windows and VMX, the birth of Windows NT. NT was born shortly after the advent of the server version, the birth of the server, ringing another company's death knell. At that time, the network has emerged, Novell production network operating system occupies the network dominance, but the emergence of NT, Novell's life has come to an end.
Jobs, who were driven out of Apple, did not stop his pace, After Jobs left Apple, Pixar, which now has the pinnacle of the three-dimensional animation, has been forced to recall jobs to save Apple's increasingly decadent landscape as Apple's competition for Microsoft has gradually declined. Jobs is the master, his return, Apple distributed the second spring, several revolutionary products Ipod,iphone Apple once again to the pinnacle of the world. MacOS became a passionate operating system, the once lost to Windows operating system came back, and in Mobile, iOS became the overlord, then Google's Android joined the battle, it is something.
Microsoft's Windows XP became a successful operating system in Microsoft's history. But after the return of jobs, APPLE,XP ugly interface is hard to compete with the dazzling MacOS. Early Microsoft and IBM co-developed OS/2 and withdrew from OS/2 due to the subsequent combination with VMX. IBM has once again verified who is working with Microsoft who is the law of the pit. But for Macos,microsoft has been to the combination of the VMX and the product of lingering fear. Eventually bought the OS/2 from IBM at a low price and pieced together a "gorgeous" operating system, Windows Vista.
Clearly, OS/2 was defined by IBM as the most failed product in history, and ironically, Vista was defined by Microsoft as a failed product. Microsoft had to be re-developed within a short period of time. --windows7, a replacement for XP, was launched. Microsoft is now experiencing Google's strong dominance of the Internet, and mobile Windows phones are also living under the shadow of Apple iOS.
Microsoft, once strong as the empire, is seeking a new metamorphosis. Of course, Microsoft still dominates the desktop operating system, and on the server side, another rise is not Unix, not MacOS, or Wndows's operating system, he is crowned a new king. That is the story of Linux, the story is also very interesting, accompanied by free movement, the spirit of the hacker sharing. A lot less business battles than before, more than the story of the hacker saga. We have to reopen the history book, Back to the summer of 1991, on the campus of the sunny Finnish University of Helsinki ...
The rise of Linux
I was your horrible nightmare.
------------Eric Raymond
Eric Raymond, a hacker, wrote a paper, "The Cathedral and the Bazaar," and wrote a book called "The Art of Unix programming." So the whole world has changed.
Documentary "Revolution OS" description, a developer meeting, he met a Microsoft engineer, saw the clothes on the Microsoft logo asked the other side: "You work for Microsoft?" "When the man in the suit wore a sarcastic and despised look at the plain-dressed hacker," Yes, what about you? "Raymond sent a smile: I was your horrible nightmare ...
Is the hacker a nightmare for Microsoft? No, not just, hackers are all the nightmares of not being free. Computers and networks have become indispensable products of modern society and civilization. Many people computers use Microsoft's Windows systems, and these machines are accessed by Web pages. The server system behind it is the enemy of Windows---Linux. The operating system that Windows has become a household name and is used by everyone. Linux is seldom known by ordinary people, but it does not hinder its greatness. They are in the desktop and server two environments, each dominate the world.
When it comes to the origins of Linux, the story is an ordinary but gripping one. 1991 that year, it was an interesting year for the Finnish people. The world's first global communication dialogue was completed in Nokia's Radiolinja network, and Nokia's conquest of the world was beyond its containment.
At the same time, the sunny Finnish University of Helsinki campus, a teenager just have a completely own computer, no longer endure the long waiting school room. He was fascinated by Andrew Tanan Baum, Andrew Tanenbaum's book, Operating system: design and implementation, a Minix operating guide.
Due to the commercialization of AT/T for Unix, Unix was then closed-source. Andrew taught the course "operating system" without "operating system". To this Andrew a bite, mercilessly, wrote a UNIX-compatible operating system. People are very bad, you do not give me use, I write a out of my own use. Although Andrew's results are simple, it still has the basic UNIX functionality, of course mini, so it's named Minix. Minix as a variant of UNIX, Minix at the time of the university is based on low prices and easy operation in the universities.
Minix because it is too short, only to run this kind of machine, other machines are not driven. Andrew's students wrote a lot of easy-to-use drivers to extend Minix. However, Professor Andrew felt that his operating system should remain pure and that there could be no other source of code. So the students are very depressed, among them there is a classmate called Linus.
Linus, who has its own PC, cannot run Minix on its own computer. Linus also had to embark on his countless predecessors of the road, not to use, not to use, then write an operating system to use. Just two months later, a "riddled with holes but happens to be able to use" disk driver and a small to no longer a small file system was born, this is the version 0.01 of Linux. The Linus then uploads the operating system to FTP and publishes all the source code. In the Usenet discussion area, Linus the original idea: in the new operating system, "people can write their own drivers, can modify the operating system at will to adapt to different needs, you can try to run all programs on Minix, this is Minix never had a good day." ”
The beautiful days are coming, the Unix ecosystem is still the same, in the commercial struggle to deter. Microsoft's battle with Apple is also becoming clearer, with Microsoft selling software. This makes a hacker very dissatisfied.
Richard Stallman (Richard Stallman), he believes that all software is the crystallization of human wisdom and thought. Software should be free for people to use. In 1983, Stallman launched the "GNU (GNU's not UNIX-based recursive abbreviation)" program to create a completely free operating system that "reproduces the solidarity of the software community in a cooperative spirit". He developed a common public copyright agreement (copyleft) as a model for the "Right of the rights" ("the") standard (LICENSE,GPL). Unlike copyright (copyright), which emphasizes individual copyright but restricts freedom of transmission, the GPL emphasizes public copyright and encourages free dissemination, which allows for the modification of programs, duplication of software and profit from sales. But the premise is to publish the revised full source code, must ensure the transfer of free thinking. The GNU program inspires great enthusiasm in the software industry, and software wizards around the world are involved. and has developed most of the software, including text editor Emacs, C compiler, GCC, and most Unix system libraries and tools, and many of the free software levels have even surpassed the corresponding paid version.
But again, the GNU has written a lot of free software, but it's a huge irony that the freeware runs on the non-free UNIX. Stallman promised to re-write an operating system in two years, but five years later, still can not see the success of the day.
As with many of the previous stories, things are always connected, but no one knows which ring the ring will buckle to. Stallman suffers from no operating system, Finland's side, Linus has only one operating system kernel and no application software.
So, after many years of struggle in their respective fields, fate finally arranged for them to come together, Linus led Linux to join Stallman GNU program, God said to have light, so Newton was born, human need freedom, so Linux and gun married. This "marriage" is a perfect match for the software world.
In 1992, there were only 100 developers working on the Linux kernel platform, and the core code in the platform was only tens of thousands of lines. Today, with up to 1000 developers working on the platform, the background of the people has spread from the original hacker to more industries, and the core code in the platform has exceeded tens of thousands of lines.
In 1998, only 1 of the world's top 500 supercomputers ran Linux. Today, 413 of the top 500 supercomputers in the world use Linux. These computers are located in many industries around the world and collectively dominate this intelligent earth.
Large to aerospace technology, small to IC card chip, there is no Linux shadow. In the mobile realm, Android menacing has gone beyond iOS to become the King of Mobile, completing the perfect revenge on Windows.
Linux "Free diffusion" is not the same as "lack of support" and "amateur level", on the contrary, it is the development of the policy, let countless talented hackers involved, this is the victory of freedom.
Even business software companies are involved, and these companies are technically strong and adept at market operations, creating new business models----sales services rather than software. The tool that makes Linux fun to entertain from cyber hackers and amateurs has become a world-powerful software empire.
At the 98 Academy Awards ceremony, when Cameron held the "Best Director award" of the Golden Man, imitating the "Titanic" actor Jack issued "I am the King of the World" Declaration, the whole world was poured. The "Beautiful" shipwreck, which was re-portrayed in the film, makes people marvel at the magic of Uckas. But the perfect film also makes people overlook another great fact: the new technology era in the history of film is quietly coming. And this time, it was opened by Linux.
Since then, DreamWorks, Disney, Pixar and other companies have gradually shifted their work platforms to Linux, and countless great screen classics have been born. From "The Lord of the Rings" to "King Kong", from "Harry Potter" to "The Hobbit", and then from "Lord of the Rings" to "Avatar", Linux almost has created countless dreams of the fantasy kingdom in its own power. And since then, Linux will eventually bury Microsoft as one of the most famous legends in the lake.
Long heaven, came a voice from the weak to strong-----I was your terrible nightmare!!!
"Go" OS Unix, Windows, Mac OS, Linux stories
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