Retrospective Chinese art design (1)

For the research on the design thought of Chinese ancient related apparatus in the topic of doctoral thesis, in addition, the current design theory of arts and crafts and art design in the concept of a cross-fuzzy phenomenon, therefore, we must explore the arts and crafts and artistic design of the dialectical relationship, in order to study the content of the subject to clear up barriers to understanding, In order to study the transformation from traditional arts and crafts to Chinese ancient design thought, we find the theoretical basis of rational steering.

If we set up the Bauhaus school in the German town of Weimar in 1919 as a sign of the birth of modern design education, so formal art and design education in the west from the beginning of the Bauhaus has been developed for nearly 100 years, and in China really close to the western concept of modern design of the history of the Chinese only 20 years of time.

Just in the year of the establishment of the package house, China broke out the movement, after that, with the new culture movement's trend, the idea and new ideas spread, the concept of modern design began to be introduced into our country. China's design education has undergone a process from pattern, art craft, practical art, industrial art, arts and crafts to art design. Today, it seems to have gone a detour to return to its original runway, this repetition and experience with a pessimistic sigh, as it is to the future development of Chinese art design is helpful.

Since 1956, the establishment of the Central Arts and Crafts Institute, China's Arts and crafts in the field, whether in the road or the Tao has made brilliant achievements, but with the pace of the Times, arts and crafts gradually replaced by art and design, someone with the November 20, 1999 China's only, is also the earliest arts and Crafts University-Central Arts and Crafts Institute, not only merged into the Tsinghua University, but also renamed the Academy of Fine Arts as in China's higher professional education, arts and crafts has been a comprehensive replacement of art design logo, I think this is not unreasonable. As Mr Zhang Daoyi said, the arts and crafts ... Now renamed the Art of Design (1). The art design in the classified catalogue of 1998 in China is a two-level discipline under the art science, so far, the concept of modern design in China as a national subject of art design is basically put a full stop, art and design unified in the past industrial design, packaging design, interior design, visual communication, clothing design and other professional subjects confused situation, The arts and crafts, however, gradually and silently withdrew from the main battlefield of the design-type institutions.

1. Chinese Arts and Crafts

Here, I would like to briefly review the development process of Chinese arts and crafts.

1840 ago

When the Opium War was opened by Western powers, it also opened the chapter of modern Chinese history, which had been in the agricultural era. Ancient China has the process of the name, at that time the craft is the workers (craftsmen, production) and art (talent, skill) and other complex meaning of the compound. As early as the Northern Song Dynasty Li Fang (925-996) and other codification of the four major books, Encyclopedia of the Nature of the book "Taiping Gongs" in the Ministry of Technology, utensils, boat, car department, jewelry department and other categories of Shangkong, is undoubtedly a technical category. (2) The word craft in the Northern Song Dynasty Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) "New Tang book · ge Li" also has recorded: The father, for the Sui temple less supervision, the process into, obviously, this process, and the Chinese modern arts and crafts concept is still different. (3)

1840-1911

At the end of Qing Dynasty, the abolition of Imperial examination, Hing School, 1902 (Guangxu 28) Westernization faction One of the representatives of Zhang Zhidong (1837-1909) played in the Sanjiang normal schools (now the predecessor of Southeast University), 1905 Sanjiang Normal School by the Qing Dynasty was renamed as the River Superior Normal School, the 1906 Liang River Normal As a result, the Liang Jiang teacher became the first high school in China to set up normal art colleges. (4) At that time the foreign painting, painting (like today's sketch, color and descriptive geometry) professional education is mainly taught by the Japanese, to some extent by the influence of early art education in Japan (for the history of Japan please see the author published in the "Decoration" 2002 the 6th translation of " A brief history of Japanese design in the Second World War, not much to repeat here.

1911-1949

With the victory of the Xinhai Revolution, the downfall of the feudal monarchy and the successive civil wars, Chinese traditional handicrafts have entered the trough of development, but the art education is not as Bubing as people think. Especially after May Fourth, Chinese intellectuals put forward the slogan of aesthetic education to save the Nation (5), such as the famous art historian Yu Jianhua (1887-1936) in his 1920 published pictorial monograph "The latest pattern" in general, wrote: pattern (design), near the beginning of the My country, However, it is still rare to know the meaning and the descriptive people. Chinese people want to develop industry, improve the manufacturing products, in order to compete with things, the pattern of stress, no delay! Up to the art craft, under the 迨 daily, such as the system of a thing, must first have a pattern of things, crafts and patterns can not be a moment away. After 9 years of the art educator Chen Zhi fo (1896-1962) in the Oriental magazine wrote that: in the art of the nature of the process of study, art crafts are not the same as antique products. ...... Industrial products are indirect or direct concerns about human life, and their purpose is to produce for the continuance of human life. Handicraft is a combination of the two elements of art and industry, which aims at the upward of human life, so the craft is an industrial activity which adapts to the essential elements of human daily life, which is practical and combines with the function of art. (6) The Arts and crafts in the current concept of this period are called patterns, art crafts and practical art.

1949-1956

July 10, 1949, "Wen Wei Po," published by Liang, Tsinghua University, the construction of the school system and the plan is: the Department of Industrial Arts-the shape of the environment of countless supplies, from a knife, a kettle, a textile, a chair, a table ... Even a car, a train, a ship ... About its aesthetic aspects of the design. ...... On the other hand, there are still many handicrafts in our country that deserve to be encouraged, but at the same time they must be improved in artistic standards. (7) The title of industrial art appeared in this period.

1956-1978

1956 Central Institute of Arts and Crafts from the Central Academy of Fine Arts Design Department

Independence, which marks the first of our own arts and crafts of the establishment of the highest institutions, and become the country's first comprehensive, more professional arts and Crafts University. Subsequently, the national local art colleges and universities have set up a series of arts and crafts department or professional, such as Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts, Sichuan Academy of Fine Art, Guangzhou Academy of Arts, Nanjing Institute of Art, and other colleges and universities also opened arts and Crafts department. At the same time, China has also established a number of secondary arts and crafts and technical schools, forming a higher art colleges and universities, secondary arts and crafts school education and a variety of forms of staff education and vocational education combined with the teaching system. Specific professional direction of ceramics, dyeing, painting, decoration and so on. By the 50 's, there have been all over the country's arts and crafts Department of the booming opening. The concept of arts and crafts recognized by the academic world is formally established in this period. (8)

1978 to present

After crushing gang, especially in the 1978, the CPC plenary, with the development of the times and the needs of economic construction, Hunan University and other engineering colleges in the late 70 in China, the first set up a corresponding institute, and in the early 80 to establish a professional industrial design. China Industrial Design Association was established in 1987. After the 1995 winter in Guangzhou, held a national design Art theory Seminar, the 1998 Ministry of Education issued by the General University of Undergraduate professional catalogue of the first appearance of the title of art design, during this period of the national Arts and crafts major in the teaching ideology began to draw close to the art design, and have changed the subject of the

That is to say, in the the 1990s, we really set up the art design of the subject with different arts and crafts. This shift is quietly going on, so the various understandings of the relationship have emerged. Before discussing the relationship between the two, we may wish to review the history of western modern design, because in the subject organization structure and the professional setting, our present art design subject is almost identical with the Western universities ' design discipline.