Router test type and Method

Router test type and method 1

Ii. Test Methods
Router test methods include local test, distribution test, Remote Test, and collaborative test. Due to space limitations, this article does not introduce the features and applicability of other test methods. It only lists the Remote Test methods most commonly used in vro testing.

Control Observation Point (PCO): usually consists of two first-in-first-out (FIFO) queues. The function is similar to sending commands to one end of the queue through a pair of input and output ports, receive response signals from the other end of the same queue; tested entity (IUT): Item Under Test; Tester (LT ): A test system that interacts with the tested layer through a PCO located at the lower layer of the tested object is called a lower-layer test system.

Iii. Test Classification
Based on the test content above, vro testing can be divided into the following categories: functional testing, performance testing, stability and reliability testing, consistency testing, interoperability testing, and network management testing.

(1) Functional Testing
Router functions can be divided into the following aspects.
(1) interface function: This function is used to connect a router to a network. It can be divided into two types: LAN interface and WAN interface. LAN interfaces mainly include Ethernet, card ring, Token Bus, FDDI and other network interfaces. Wan interfaces mainly include E1/T1, E3/T3, DS3, and general serial port (can be converted to X.21DTE/DCE, V.35DTE/DCE, RS232DTE/DCE, RS449DTE/DCE, EIA530DTE) and other network interfaces.

(2) Communication Protocol function: This function is responsible for handling communication protocols, including TCP/IP, PPP, X.25, frame relay, and other protocols.

(3) data packet forwarding function: This function is mainly responsible for forwarding data packets between ports (including logical ports) based on the content of the route table and rewriting the data packet header information at the link layer.

(4) routing information maintenance function: This function runs the routing protocol and maintains the route table. The routing protocols include RIP, OSPF, and BGP.

(5) Management and control functions: vro management and control functions include five functions: SNMP proxy, Telnet server, local management, remote monitoring, and RMON. Control and Manage vrouters in multiple ways and allow logging.
　　
(6) security function: Used to complete data packet filtering, address conversion, access control, data encryption, firewall, address allocation, and other functions.

The router does not need to fully implement the above functions. However, because a vro acts as a network device and has a minimum function set, the vro must support the functions specified by the minimum function set. The vast majority of functional tests can be covered by interface tests, performance tests, protocol consistency tests, and network management tests. Therefore, router function tests can only perform validation tests on functions that cannot be covered by other tests. The router function test generally adopts the remote test method.

(2) Performance Test'
A router is the core device of an IP network. Its performance directly affects the scale, stability, and scalability of the IP network. Because the IETF does not have specific provisions on the router performance test, generally only RFC2544 (Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices) can be used for testing. However, a router is different from a simple network interconnection device. In performance testing, a router-specific performance test should also be added. Such as the capacity of the route table and the convergence time of the routing protocol.

The router performance test should include the following indicators.
(1) throughput: test the router packet forwarding capability. Generally, it refers to the limit of packet forwarding per second on a vro without packet loss. Generally, you can use the binary method to find this threshold.

(2) latency: The interval between the time the router receives the packet and forwards the packet within the throughput range. The latency test should be repeated 20 times and then the average value is obtained.

(3) packet loss rate: test the proportion of dropped packets on the vro under different loads to received packets. Different loads usually refer to the test from throughput to line speed (the highest rate of transmission packets on the Line). The step size generally uses 10% of the line speed.

(4) Number of back-to-back frames: the maximum number of packets that can be processed by the router when the packet is transmitted at the minimum packet interval without packet loss. This test actually tests the router cache capability. If the router has the line rate capability (throughput = interface media line rate), this test is meaningless.

(5) system recovery time: the time when the test router resumes normal operation after being overloaded. The test method can be used to send a small value between the throughput of 110% and the line speed to the router port. After 60 seconds, the time interval between the speed drop to 50% and the last packet loss is reached. This test is meaningless if the router has the wire speed capability.

(6) system reset: The interval between the software reset or power-off restart of the test router and normal operation. Normal operation indicates that data can be forwarded by throughput.

The following factors should be taken into account when testing the indicators specified in RFC2544.
Frame format: it is recommended to test according to the frame format specified by RFC2544. Frame Length: Increases sequentially from the minimum frame to the MTU. For example, 64,128,256,512,102 4, 1280,151 8 bytes are used on the Ethernet, And the received frame is authenticated: exclude received non-test frames, such as control frames and route update frames. Broadcast frames: Verify the impact of broadcast frames on vro performance, after the above tests, 1% broadcast frames are included in the test frames and then tested. Management frames: Verify the impact of management frames on vro performance, after the above tests, a management frame is included in the test frame and then tested. route update: The Impact of route update on the performance of the next hop port; filter: we recommend that you set 25 filter conditions to test the impact on the performance of the vro. Protocol address: test the performance impact of the vro when it receives a random address in 256 networks; two-way traffic: test the impact of two-way data transmission and receiving on the performance of the router port. multi-port test: consider the impact of full traffic distribution or non-full connection distribution on the performance. multi-protocol test: consider the impact of vro processing multiple protocols at the same time; hybrid package length: in addition to the recommended incremental package length, check the hybrid package Length Because RFC2544 does not specify the proportion of the length of each package in the length of the hybrid package except for the length of all test packages. We recommend that you test the packet length distribution in the actual network. For example, if there is no special application requirement, the Ethernet interface can use 60-byte packet 50%, 128-byte packet 10%, and 256-byte packet 15%, 512 bytes package 10%, 1500 bytes package 15%. In addition to the above RFC2544 recommended test items, we also recommend that you test the following content.

① Route fluctuation: The Impact of Route fluctuation on the router forwarding capability. The number of Route updates per second depends on the network condition. BGP can be used for route update protocols. ② Route table capacity: test the route table size. Backbone Network routers generally run BGP, and the route table contains a global route. Generally, more than 0.1 million routes are required. We recommend that you use BGP input to export route count for testing. ③ Clock Synchronization: test the clock accuracy and synchronization capability on a router with corresponding ports, such as the POS port. ④ Protocol convergence time: the time when the route change notification is sent to the entire network. Although this indicator is related to the performance of a single vro, it can only be tested on the network and may change due to configuration changes. After the network configuration is complete, you can check this indicator to measure the network performance. The test time should be determined based on the specific project and test objectives. Generally, the test time should be between 60 seconds and 300 seconds. In addition, you can set options based on user requirements and test objectives. The vro performance test generally adopts the remote test method.

(3) Consistency Test
The router consistency test usually uses the black box method. The IUT device is called the Black Box ". The test system controls the PCO of the observation point and interfaces of the tested device.

Different test events are controlled and observed through different PCO, and whether the response complies with the specifications, that is, the timing relationship and data matching restrictions, the test results can be divided into pass, fail, and no results. A router is a complex network interconnection device that requires multiple protocols on each communication layer. For example, the physical layer and link layer protocols of corresponding interfaces, Internet layer protocols such as IP/ICMP, transport layer protocols such as TCP/UDP, application layer protocols such as Telnet/SNMP, and routes such as RIP/OSPF/BGP protocol.

The protocol consistency test should contain all the protocols implemented by the router. Due to the complexity of the Test content, you can choose an important protocol and content to test. Because the routers on the backbone network may affect global routes, we should pay special attention to the test of route protocol consistency, such as OSPF and BGP. Since only limited test cases can be selected for consistency testing, it generally cannot cover all the content of the Protocol. Therefore, even if the device passes the test, it cannot ensure that the device fully implements all the content of the Protocol. Therefore, the best way is to pilot the operation in the real environment. Generally, the router consistency test adopts the distributed or remote test method.

(4) interoperability test
Because the communication protocols and routing protocols are complex and have many options, vrouters that implement the same protocol cannot guarantee interoperability. In addition, due to limited consistency testing capabilities, even protocol consistency testing may not guarantee full implementation of the Protocol. Therefore, it is necessary to perform device interoperability testing.
　　
In fact, interoperability testing replaces the instruments used in the consistency testing with the devices that need to interwork with each other, and selects some important and typical interconnection mode configurations, check whether the two devices work as expected.
　　
(5) stability and reliability testing
Because most routers need to work 24 hours a day and 7 consecutive days a week, the stability and reliability of backbone routers as Internet core devices are particularly important. Therefore, you need to understand the stability and reliability of the dew collector.

It is difficult to test the stability and reliability of routers. Generally, the following two methods can be used: (1) the manufacturer calculates the system reliability through the reliability of key components and the degree of backup; (2) the user or manufacturer collects statistics on product stability and reliability based on failure rates of a large number of identical products. Of course, you can also ensure the reliability and stability of the router to a certain extent by demanding the test run results within a certain period of time.
　
(6) Network Management Test
　　
Network Management tests generally test the management capability of network management software on networks and devices on networks. As a vro is the core device of the IP network, you must test the support of the vro for network management. If the vro comes with network management software, you can use the attached network management software to check the configuration management, security management, performance management, accounting management, fault management, topology management, and view management functions implemented by the network management software. If the vro does not contain network management software, the consistency of the SNMP protocol and the degree to which the MIB is implemented by the vro should be tested. Because the vro needs to implement a large number of MIB, each MIB contains a large amount of content, it is difficult to fully test the MIB. Generally, you can test the implementation of the mib on the vro by testing important MIB items.

In addition, because the router equipment is very complex and may use a variety of interfaces and protocols, the configuration of the instrument and meter used for the router test must be determined according to the test content and the actual configuration of the router. Generally, the instruments used for router testing can be divided into performance testing instruments, protocol testing instruments, and other types of instruments.
　　
(1) performance testing instruments mainly test the forwarding capability of IP packets. The most typical examples are SmartBit of NetCom and Router Tester of anjie. Performance testing instruments sometimes require protocol simulation capabilities, such as BGP and OSPF simulation.

(2) protocol test instruments mainly test the consistency of the router on the protocol. It mainly includes route protocol consistency testing instruments, such as anjie's Router Tester. Other protocols, such as TCP/IP, ATM, ISDN, SNMP, and other protocols, can be used to test protocol consistency.

(3) other instruments mainly include some common instruments, such as the oscilloscope, multimeter, rate consumable device, and optical power meter. The accuracy and error range of the instrument should also be considered in the selection of the test instrument. To sum up, the test of the router is a complex but very important task. The test of the router loader is only based on the study of the test method and the specific test conditions, and the correct test scheme is formulated, select an appropriate test instrument and perform the test carefully.

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Router test type and method (2)

With the rapid development of the information industry, computer network technology has been widely used, and computer network has become an indispensable part of modern work and life. As the core device of the computer network, routers are widely used in the network. High-end routers have now become important telecom-level devices on the public network from enterprise-level devices. With the increasing popularity of the Internet and its importance in daily life, the performance, function, security, reliability, and other indicators of routers become more and more important. Therefore, it is important and necessary to test the vro. The router Test Specification mainly includes the following communication industry standards: YD/T1156-

2001 "router Test Specification-high-end router"; YD/T1098-2001 "router Test Specification-low-end router". The above standards are made according to the following standards: YD/T1097-2001 "router equipment technical specifications-high-end routers"; YD/T1096-2001 "router equipment technical specifications-low-end routers".

The test description in this article is mainly based on the above router test specifications. However, as the above test specification is only used as the device inbound test standard, it is an entry-level test, so we will focus on some additional test content based on the above specifications.

I. Purpose and content of the test
A router is a device that forwards packets to achieve network interconnection. It supports multiple protocols (such as TCP/IP, SPX, IPX, and AppleTalk ), data packets can be forwarded at multiple layers (such as the data link layer, network layer, and application layer ).

The vro must connect two or more logical ports with at least one physical port. The router determines the output port and the next router address or host address based on the network layer address in the received packet and the route table maintained inside the router, and overwrites the link layer data packet header. The route table must be dynamically maintained to reflect the current network topology. A vro dynamically maintains a route table by exchanging route information with other vrouters.

(1) router Classification
The current vro classification methods vary. Various classification methods are associated, but they are not completely consistent. Generally, you can use methods such as router capability classification, structure classification, network location classification, function classification, and performance classification. In the formulation of router standards, high-end routers and low-end routers are classified by capabilities. A router with a backplane switching capability greater than 20 Gbit/s and a throughput greater than 20 Mbit/s is a high-end router. Vrouters with the exchange capability below the preceding data become low-end vrouters. Correspondingly, the router test specification is divided into the high-end router test specification and the low-end router test specification.

(2) Purpose and content of the test
Test the router, you can find out which routers can provide the best performance, the behavior of routers under different loads, the design parameters of the modeled network router, whether the router can handle traffic bursts, the performance limits of the router, and whether the router can provide the best performance. it provides the effects of different service quality, different architecture of routers on functions and performance, the functional characteristics and performance indicators of routers, and whether the use of routers affects network security, consistency of Router Protocol implementation, and router reliability. and the advantages and disadvantages of vro products.

The testing of low-end router equipment mainly includes: routine testing, that is, electrical security testing; Environmental testing, including high and low temperature, humidity testing and high and low temperature storage testing; physical interface testing, test the electrical and physical test properties of low-end routers that may have interfaces; protocol consistency test; test protocol implementation consistency; Performance Test, test the main performance of the router; management test, this module mainly tests the support of vrouters for non-large network management functions.

High-end router tests mainly include interface tests, interface tests that high-end routers may possess, ATM Protocol tests, and ATM Protocol requirements tests, PPP protocol tests, and PPP protocol consistency tests, and ipprotocol tests, test the IP protocol consistency, test the routing protocol, test the routing protocol consistency, test the network management function, test the gateway function, test the performance and QoS, test the router performance and QoS capability, and test the network synchronization, test the synchronization and timing capabilities of the equipment; test the reliability and verify the reliability of the equipment; test the power consumption of the entire machine; test the environment, including high and low temperature, humidity test and high and low temperature storage test.

The two test specifications have different organizational arrangements due to the different drafting units and drafting time. In addition to the above tests, we recommend that you consider the test items listed below during the test. (1) Functional testing: It mainly verifies whether the product has each function designed. (2) stability and reliability test: Generally, the method of increasing the load is adopted to evaluate and analyze the running capability of the equipment under long and high load conditions. (3) interoperability test: different network products must be able to interoperate. Interoperability test checks whether a network product works well in a network environment that is interconnected by multiple network products from different manufacturers, such as verifying the interoperability between routers and Cisco products, interoperation between vswitches and Cisco, 3Com, Lucent, Intel, etc.

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