Software Project Management Review notes

Software Project Management Review notes

Summary of software project management test questions-Central South University

A project is a project that uses limited resources to fulfill a series of specific objectives within a certain period of time.

(1) A Project is a task to be completed and has specific environments and requirements. A project refers to a process, rather than the result after the process ends.

(2) complete the tasks within the specified time by certain organizations and using limited manpower, material resources, and financial resources.

(3) The task must meet certain performance, quality, quantity, technical indicators and other requirements.

 

Project Properties

• The project has a unique purpose

• A project is a one-time task.

• Resources need to be used for projects, while resources are limited

• The project has a major Initiator

• Project uncertainty

 

Project 3 Constraints

• Scope (defined): What is a project task? What kind of products or services does the customer or initiator need to obtain through the project?

• Progress (time): How long does it take to complete the project? How should I arrange the project progress?

• Cost: How much does it cost to complete the project?

 

Project ManagementIt is a system management method targeting projects. Through a temporary and dedicated flexible organization, the project can be efficiently planned, organized, guided, and controlled, to achieve dynamic management of the entire project process and comprehensive coordination and optimization of the project objectives.

 

Project management framework

Project Phase

1. Overview

Requirement generation and proposal project identification and conception feasibility study project proposal preparation

2. Launch

Project planning project plan formulation

3. Implementation

Supervise and control the execution of project plans

4. Tail Scanning

Project test run project evaluation, summary project acceptance, handover

 

System development lifecycle

Plan Analysis Design implementation and maintenance

 

Project Management Process Group

1. Startup Process

1) launch process: it is a new phase of identifying, evaluating, determining, starting a new project or starting a new project.

2) The main outcome of the project start-up process is to form a project charter (Chapter 1) and select a project manager.

3) The main outcome of the project's launch process in a new phase is the evaluation and confirmation of the entry criteria of the phase.

2. Planning Process

1) planning: the planning process includes developing and maintaining a feasible plan to meet the business needs of the project.

2) changes: to cope with changes in project conditions and organizational environments, the project plan will be adjusted at each stage of the project lifecycle.

3) main results: the main results of the planning process include the work breakdown structure, project progress plan, and project budget (chapter 5, chapter 6, and chapter 7 ). 

3. Execution Process

1) implementation process: it mainly includes coordinating resources to implement the project plan and generate products at the project or project stage.

2) ensure that effective measures and effective actions must be taken during implementation to ensure the smooth completion of the project plan.

3) crossover: During execution, it will be crossed with other Process Groups and consume the most resources.

4) results: the results of the implementation process are the completion of the Project as planned.

4. Control Process

1) task: the task of controlling the process is to ensure the implementation of the project objectives.

2) supervision and evaluation: the project manager and project personnel should supervise and evaluate the project progress against the plan, and take corrective actions when necessary.

3) Change Control: the general control process includes review of performance and status. Some changes must be identified, analyzed, and monitored if necessary.

4) results: the project is successfully completed within the required time, cost, and quality limits and within the scope agreed by the stakeholders.

5. Closing Process

1) Tasks: mainly include formal project or project stage acceptance, so that tasks in the project or project stage can be completed in an orderly and complete manner.

2) management activities: the closing process involves many management activities, such as archiving project files, summary of work, and formal acceptance of tasks set as a project or project stage.

3) Main Results: including the formal acceptance of the project, the compilation, submission, approval, and archiving of some summative documents such as the project audit and project experience summary report.

Generally, the implementation process group consumes the most time and resources, followed by the planning process group. The startup and closing process groups consume much less resources and time. The monitoring process group starts from the project or project stage until the project stage ends, the resources and activities it occupies are parabolic.

 

System Method: an overall solution to complex problems, including system concept, system analysis, and system management.

1. System Concept: a complete set of Systematic Thinking Modes of things.
2. System Analysis: determine the scope, decomposition elements, identification and evaluation elements, propose solutions and plans, and conduct tests.
3. System Management: Resolves business, technology, and organization issues when a system changes.

 

An organization consists of four different frameworks:

1. Structure Framework: Solves the issue of how organizations are structured
2. Human resources: balance and coordination between organizations and individuals
3. Political framework: the politics of organizations and individuals, represented by competition between groups and individuals for power and leadership.
4. Logo frame: Symbol and meaning

 

Organizational Structure

Organizational Structure

Ü loose structure and temporary patchwork;

Ü limited rights and responsibilities of the project;

Ü the project organization is not complete;

Ü the project manager has poor control.

Project-based organizational structure

• Multiple project teams in the Organization have their own special project tasks;

• Flexible resource acquisition capability and sufficient rights and responsibilities;

• They are in the upper and lower-level organizations, which are also a team-based organizational environment and a sound project team;

• A tight and stable project-based organization.

Matrix Structure (weak matrix type, complex type, strong matrix type)

• An employee may be assigned to multiple projects at the same time. after the project is completed, return to the functional department to which the employee belongs;

• Make full use of enterprise resources and reduce waste of human resources;

• The project team's responsibilities, rights, and benefits are comparatively equal; dual or multiple reporting mechanisms;

• Frequent coordination and communication between the project manager and the functional manager are required;

• The weak matrix, balanced matrix, and strong matrix with different control levels can be used according to different enterprises or industries.

Compound Organizational Structure

In practice, most organizations use all the above organizational structures at different levels. This structure is called a composite structure.

In a project-based organizational structure, the project manager has the largest rights. He plays a key role in obtaining resources and controlling the project budget.

 

The three main processes of overall management are plan formulation, plan execution, and plan change control.

Develop a project plan

1. Definition: a project plan is an operational document used to coordinate all other plans to guide project execution and control.

2. relationship: the project plan and project execution should penetrate into each other. Whoever is responsible for this task should do it.

3. Content: a project plan mainly includes the overall introduction, organization description, management procedures, technical procedures, task scope, time schedule, and budget.

Project plan execution

1. Definition: the execution of a project plan refers to the management and operation of the work specified in the project plan.

2. Management comprehension: Project overall management regards project plans and project executions as mutually reinforcing and inseparable activities.

3. Relationship: Relationship between the overall plan and the stage plan:

1) The overall project plan provides guidance for each stage plan, which provides a basis for the change of the overall plan.

2) the formulation and implementation of the phase plan is the basis and guarantee for the implementation and completion of the overall plan.

4. good planning and control: there will be no good results without a good plan. If there are good plans, it is difficult to get satisfactory results without strengthening control and supervision.

5. Operability: a plan that is not feasible or difficult to operate is not a good plan, or even a plan.

6. Rules: used to improve the coordination between plan formulation and implementation. The simple rule is that the person responsible for the Plan will do the plan.

7. Basic Requirements: project personnel are required to follow the guidelines, specifications, and templates for plan formulation. This is a mature performance of an organization and a basic requirement for plan preparation and control.

8. Exemplary Role: the attitude and effect of the project manager in formulating and executing their own plans directly affect the quality and effectiveness of other Members in formulating and executing their respective plans.

9. Positive attitude: positive leadership is always the key factor for project success.

Overall change control

1. importance: the most important and difficult part of IT project management is the overall change control.

2. main Work: The IT project manager is mainly responsible for controlling the overall changes of the project, so that the project can improve work efficiency, generate economic benefits, and facilitate the smooth development of the project, constantly approaching the target direction.

 

Excellent Project Manager

1. good moral character

2. healthy physical and psychological qualities

3. Strong customer awareness

4. professional quality and quality

5. A strong overall picture

6. Excellent project management capabilities

7. strong confidence and strong will

8. Be bold and considerate

 

The main reasons why it projects require support from senior management are:

① You need to obtain sufficient resources

② Obtain approval for special project requirements

③ Cooperation with personnel from other departments is required

④ You need proper guidance and help

 

Project Scope Management

1. Scope: refers to the generationProject ProductsAll work involved and all processes that lead to these products.

2. Project Scope Management: it refers to the definition and control process of what the project includes and does not include.

3. Similar understanding: This process is used to ensure that the project team and project stakeholders have a common understanding of the project products as project results and the processes used to produce these products.

Three elements: enterprise demand management theory competitive pressure

Three types of personnel requirements Expert Consultation expert summary Design Expert

Project CharterIs a document used to formally confirm the existence of a project and specify the project objectives and management personnel. The main stakeholders must sign the project charter to acknowledge that the project requirements and objectives have been agreed.

Scope plan preparation and Scope statement

① Project scope plan: it is the foundation of project decision-making. It defines the basic criteria for successful completion of the project and project phases.

② Scope planning process: the main inputs include the project charter, project product description, project constraints, and project condition assumptions. The main output is to form a written Scope Statement, which is a formal document.

③ Scope understanding: it is used to reach a common understanding of the scope of the project and confirm this understanding.

 

Scope statementIt is a document used to reach a common understanding of the scope of the project and to confirm this understanding. The scope description mainly includes project demonstration, product description, Overview of deliverables of all projects, and description of factors that determine the success of performance.

The main functions of the scope manual/development task book are,Enable stakeholders to have a common understanding of the scope of the project and confirm this understanding. It mainly includes project demonstration, product summary, deliverables, and successful factors.

The work breakdown structure (WBS) is an important output of the scope definition process.

 

Project time management

Activity Definition

① Activity or task: it is the unit of work to be completed during the project, which has the expected duration, cost and resource requirements.

② The goal defined by the activity is to ensure a complete understanding of the project scope.

③ Define the activity based on the project charter, Scope statement, WBS, and project budget information.

Sort activities

① Activity sorting involves a detailed review of activities in WBS, detailed product manuals, assumptions and constraints to determine the relationship between activities. It also involves the reason for evaluating the dependency between activities and various dependencies.

② Dependency or relationship reflects the order of project activities or tasks. A project without a clear relationship between activities cannot be successful.

-- Forced dependency (hard logical relationship) is an inherent feature of project work.

-- Free dependency (soft logical relationship) is defined by the project team.

-- External dependencies involve the relationship between projects and non-project activities.

Project Network Diagram leading diagram PDM

 

Key Path Method

① Key Path Method (CPM): it is also called Key Path analysis. It is a network analysis technology used to predict the overall project duration and is an important tool to help us analyze and solve the progress delay.

② Key Path: refers to a series of activities that determine the project's earliest completion time. It is the longest path in the Project Network Diagram and has the least floating time or time difference.

Features

① The Key Path is the longest path. (See the PDM diagram)

② The Key Path reflects the shortest time spent by the project.

③ If the activity on the Key Path times out, the overall progress will be delayed.

④ The Key Path is only related to the project time and the key activities.

⑤ The Key Path is independent of the shortest path.

⑥ A project may have more than one key path.

7. The key paths of a project may change.

 

Project Cost Management

① Project cost management: the main goal is to complete the project tasks on time, quality, and quantity within the scope of the approved budget.

② Budget determination: the project manager must be sure that their project has an appropriate definition, precise time and cost estimates, and the agreed and realistic budget they participate in.

③ Responsibility: the project manager is responsible for reducing and controlling costs and meeting the expectations of stakeholders.

Three basic parameters of the Earned Value Method:

1) budget for the planned workload (bcws), namely (budgeted cost for work scheduled ). Bcws refers to the budgeted labor hours/fees required for the planned workload to be completed. Bcws = planned workload * budget quota

2) The actual cost of finished work (acwp), namely (actual cost for work completed MED ). Acwp refers to the labor hours/fees consumed by the actual workload.

3) bcwp (budgeted cost for workdeskmed ). Bcwp refers to the work hours/expenses calculated based on the actual work volume. Bcwp = actual workload * budget quota

Cost EstimationThere are magnitude estimation, budget estimation, and final estimation. Each estimation type is used for different stages of the project life cycle, and has different precision. The establishment of cost estimation includes analogy estimation, bottom-up method, parameter model estimation, and computer technology and methods. Cost estimates also include detailed rationale and cost management plans.

Cost budgetIt involves allocating costs to individual work items. It is important to understand how organizations prepare their budgets and make estimates accordingly.

Project Cost ControlThis includes monitoring cost execution, reviewing changes, and notifying stakeholders of cost-related changes. Earned Value Analysis is the main method used to measure the project execution performance.

Definition of quality by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO:

Quality is a reflectionEntity (clear object of things, not only touchable, but also tangible .)Ability to meet clear and implicit needsFeatures (performance, life, credibility, security, adaptability, and economics .)Total.

Definition of quality management by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO:

① Quality Management: directs and controls the coordination activities of the Organization in terms of quality.

② Software Project Quality Management: it refers to the total number of planning, organizing, planning, implementation, control, and improvement activities carried out by a software enterprise to ensure that the software product quality can meet the continuously updated market and user quality requirements.

Software quality features

① Functionality: adaptability, accuracy, interoperability, compliance, and security;

② Reliability: Maturity, fault tolerance, and recoverability;

③ Ease of use: easy to understand, easy to learn, and easy to operate;

④ Efficiency: time and resource features;

⑤ Maintainability: easy to analyze, easy to change, stable, and easy to test;

⑥ Portability: adaptability, installation, compliance, and replacement.

After a century of development, quality management has gone through four stages.

① In the traditional quality management stage, the inspection is the basic content, and the method is strictly controlled.

② Statistical quality control stage: this stage combines mathematical statistics with quality management to control the influencing factors in the process.

③ Comprehensive Quality Management stage: the main feature of the "three categories" is that the management objects are comprehensive, full-process, and all Members.

④ Modern quality management stage: focusing on customer satisfaction and attaching importance to the relationship with non-stakeholders of the company's employees, society, trading partners, and shareholders. Pay attention to medium-and long-term prediction and planning and management leadership. Attaches importance to people, information, and other business resources, so that organizations are full of self-discipline, learning, speed, flexibility, and creativity.

Modern Quality Management pursues customer satisfaction, focuses on prevention rather than inspection, and acknowledges the management's responsibility for quality..

 

Fish bone chart

Cause traceability:-used to identify the root cause

Countermeasure Type:-used to identify the solution

Basic Fishbone Diagram:

Header: Result

Branch: cause, usually 4 m and E

(Persons, machines, methods, materials and environment)

 

Quality control tools and technologies

•Application Method

1. Select and determine the sorting items used for Problem Analysis

2. Select the measurement unit for analysis.

3. Select the time period of the data used for analysis

4. List projects in descending order from left to right on the X-axis based on the measured unit value

5. Draw two vertical coordinates at both ends of the abscissa

6. Draw a rectangle on each project to indicate the value of the project.

7. accumulate the value of each item from left to right and draw a cumulative frequency line

8. Graphic Analysis

Quality Control Chart 6 rules of operation at σ and

People have summed up the seven-point running rule in long-term practice. If there are seven or more consecutive dots on the same side of the center line, or there is a tendency to change in the same direction, even if they are within the control limit, this means that it has encountered some problems or is subject to external interference, and should be regarded as out of control. In general, when a process is under control, this process should not be adjusted, but can continue to improve.

•Test Category

Unit Test integration test system test Acceptance Test

•Test method (1)

① Functional test: verify whether the software meets functional and design requirements.

② Interface Test: Check the interaction between the software and the user; the navigation and aesthetics; and whether the software meets the specifications set by the industry or the company.

③ Performance test: measures the response time, transaction processing efficiency, and time-sensitive issues.

④ Installation and testing: ensure that the software can be installed whenever possible; identify errors that are caused by lack of resources or resource competition.

⑤ Capacity Test: Use a large amount of data to test the software to determine the limits that may result in software failure.

⑥ Configuration test: Verify software operations on different software and hardware configurations.

7. Regression test: use the same test case to check whether the new version of the software has any problems.

 

Quality Cost: the cost required to maintain the product at the specified quality level

Human Resource Management

By continuously acquiring human resources, we can integrate and integrate the obtained human resources into the project to maintain and motivate them to be loyal and motivated to the project, control their work performance and make appropriate adjustments to maximize their potential to support the realization of project goals. Such activities, functions, responsibilities and processes are called Project Human Resource Management.

Psychological factors that affect how people work and how they work better include motivation, influence, ability, and effectiveness.

The goal of project communication management is to promptly and appropriately create, collect, send, store and process project information.

Formula for calculating the number of communication channels:

S = N * (N-1)/2

S: Number of communication channels N: Number of participants

For example, the number of communication channels for a project team with 7 participants is 7*(7-1)/2 = 21 (1)

 

Risk management is an investment. Organizations or individuals take risks to profit from potential opportunities.

 

Project Risk Management

Project Risk Management: the project management team identifies, estimates, and evaluates risks, based on this, we should rationally use a variety of management methods, technologies and means to effectively control risks involved in project activities, take proactive actions, create conditions, and expand the favorable results of risk events as much as possible, properly Handle the adverse consequences caused by risk accidents, and ensure security and reliability at the minimum cost to achieve the overall goal of the project.

Risk identification

① Risk Identification: it is the process of understanding the potential unsatisfactory results of the project. This includes determining the source and conditions of risks, describing their risk characteristics, and determining which risk events may affect the project.

② Long term: Risk identification cannot be completed once, and should be conducted regularly from beginning to end of the project.

Risk Quantification

① Risk quantification (Risk Analysis): It is a process of evaluating risks to assess the scope of possible project results.

② The quantification process includes estimating the probability of each risk occurrence, estimating its impact on the project, and reducing the possible strategies for each risk.

③ Risk sorting: by quantifying a risk, the Project Manager can prioritize risks and establish a threshold to determine which risks should be taken seriously.

④ Quantization techniques include expected currency value analysis, risk factor calculation, PERT (Plan Review Technology) estimation, simulation, and expert judgment.

The following four basic measures are taken to cope with risks:

① Risk avoidance: eradicate a specific threat or risk.

② Risk acceptance: if a risk occurs, accept the consequences.

③ Risk transfer: transfer the risk results to a third party with the responsibility.

④ Risk Mitigation: reduce the probability of a risk event to mitigate the impact of a risk event.

Important outputs of the risk response plan preparation process include:

① Risk management plan: summarize the results of the risk identification and quantification process and describe the general method for risk management.

② Risk emergency plan: the pre-determined measures taken by the project team when a identified risk event occurs.

③ Risk emergency reserve: reserve funds held to cope with possible changes to the scope or quality of the project.

Risk Response Control includes

① Implement risk management process: ensure that risk awareness is an uninterrupted activity performed by all project members throughout the project process.

② Implement risk management plan: supervise risks based on defined milestones, and formulate risk decisions and risk mitigation strategies.

 

Three basic methods for software project development and implementation are self-development, custom development, and product ordering.

 

Reasons and objectives of software enterprises adopting purchased products and services:

① Reduce fixed and regular costs.

② Focus on the core business.

③ Improve work efficiency and economic efficiency.

④ Obtain skills and technologies.

⑤ Provides business flexibility.

6. Reduce risks and improve accountability.

7. Restrictions on policies, regulations, and scope of obligations.

Prepare the procurement plan process:

(1) Decide whether to purchase the product;

② How to purchase;

③ What to purchase;

④ How much is purchased;

⑤ When to purchase.

Basis for preparing the procurement plan:

① Project Scope statement

② Product manual

③ Market conditions

④ Constraints and assumptions

 

Contract type

① Fixed price contract or fixed price contract

① Definition: the fixed price contract or fixed price contract involves a detailed definition of the fixed total price of products or services.

② Rewards and Punishments: fixed price contracts may also include rewards that meet or exceed the set project objectives, and fines that fail to meet the targets.

③Comparison:Fixed Total priceThe contract is the least risky for the buyer, followedFixed Total price plus incentive fee contract.

 

② Cost Compensation Contract

1. Cost Compensation Contract: it refers to the actual cost directly and indirectly paid by the seller. The buyer undertakes greater risks than the fixed price contract in the Cost Compensation Contract.

2. Three types: According to the buyer's risk, from the lowest to the highest order:

① Cost and Incentive Fee

② Cost plus fixed fee

③ Cost addition percentage

 

③ Unit price contract

① Unit price contract: it refers to the contract in which the buyer pays the seller according to the predetermined amount of Unit Service. The total price of the contract refers to the function of the workload required to complete the work.

② Note: the unit price contract may be a high-risk contract or a low-risk contract, depending on the nature of the project and other terms of the contract. When the number of products, work tasks, and scope are not very clear, the unit price contract is highly risky, and vice versa.

Statement of Work

① Sow (SOW): A description of the work required for procurement. This allows potential suppliers to determine whether they can provide the desired products and services and determine an appropriate price.

② Requirement 1: Sow should be clear, concise, and as complete as possible. It should describe all the services required and contain performance reports.

③ Requirement 2: The wording in sow is very important, for example, "mandatory" or "acceptable ".

④ Requirement 3: Sow should also describe the project products in detail, pay attention to the use of industry terms, and refer to industry standards.

RFQ plan preparation: Includes the documents required to prepare the inquiry and the criteria for determining the contract signing. The two most common types of inquiry documents are RFP and RFQ.

① RFP Request for Proposal is a document used to solicit proposals from potential sellers.

② RFQ requestfor quote is a document used to solicit quotations or bids from potential sellers.

 

The RFQ process includes the final formation of procurement documents, advertisements, and receipt of proposals or tenders.

Supplier Selection is the process of evaluating potential sellers and negotiating contracts with them.

Contract management includes the final formation and signing of the contract, and supervision of the execution and modification of the contract.

Contract closure includes product review, management closure, formal acceptance and closure.