STARTUP/SHUTDOWN parameters of Oralce

1) STARTUP
Startup open: the default parameter of STARTUP is OPEN. OPEN the database and allow access to the database. All files described in the control file of the current instance have been opened.
Startup mount: MOUNT the database. only DBA is allowed to manage the database. Only the control file of the current instance is opened and the data file is not opened.
Startup nomount: only through the initialization file, allocate the SGA area, start the database background process, did not open the control file and data file. You cannot access any database.
Startup pfile = filename: Start the database with filename as the initialization file, instead of using the default initialization file.
Startup force: Stop the running of the current database and restart the database.
Startup restrict: only users with restricted session permissions (such as sys users) are allowed to access the database.
Startup recover: starts the database and starts media recovery.

2) SHUTDOWN
Shutdown normal: If no parameter is provided by default, the value is NORMAL. A new connection, waiting for the session to end, waiting for the transaction to end, making a checkpoint, and closing the data file are not allowed. No instance recovery is required at startup.
Shutdown transactional: do not allow new connections, do not wait for the session to end, wait for the transaction to end, make a checkpoint, and close the data file. No instance recovery is required at startup.
Shutdown immediate: do not allow new connections, do not wait for the session to end, do not wait for the transaction to end, make a checkpoint and close the data file. Transactions that are not finished are automatically rolled back. No instance recovery is required at startup. Shutdown abort: does not allow new connections, does not wait for the session to end, does not wait for the transaction to end, does not do the checkpoint and does not close the data file. The instance is automatically restored at startup.

There are several startup methods:
1. startup nomount
Non-installation startup. In this mode, you can execute: re-build the control file and re-build the database.
Read the init. ora file and start the instance, that is, start the SGA and background processes. To start the process, you only need the init. ora file.
This process is also called: Non-installation startup
The Startup Process is to start the Oracle instance without loading the database or opening the database. In this process, you only need to initialize the parameter file init. ora and recreate the control file, that is, start the SGA and background processes.
This mode is required in the following situations:
A: All control files in the database are damaged.
B: When you need to create a database control file and create a new database.

2. startup mount dbname
Install and start. In this mode, run:
Database Log archiving,
Database media recovery,
Online or offline data files,
Locate the data file and redo the log file.

Execute "nomount", open the control file, and confirm the location of the data file and the on-line log file,
However, data files and log files are not verified at this time.

This process becomes: Installation and startup
Startup Process: Open the control file and check the location of the data file and the on-line log file. However, the consistency and correctness of the data file and log file are not checked.
This mode is required in the following situations:
A: Database archive logs
B: Database media recovery
C: Bring data files online or offline
D: reposition data files and redo log files.

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