Ten things you must know about Linux

Linux is not Windows. Even though they are similar, you must realize that before you can use linux comfortably, you may need to learn some new ways to handle things. linux is a unix-based open-source system. UNIX is a secure multi-user operating system designed before DOS and Windows. the following content applies to all UNIX-based * nix systems, such as Linux and various BSD. for the purpose of this Article, suppose it is Linux.
This is ten things you need to know.
1. File System
Unlike many other systems that create a file tree for each disk, Linux's file system is a big tree structure. at the top you have/(root directory) and every folder, and each drive disk branch under the root directory.
For example, assume that you have two hard disks (a and B), one is a soft drive, and the other is an optical drive. the first hard disk has two partitions (a1 and a2 ). in windows, it will look like this:
+ Hard disk a, partition 1 (hda1): Drive C
+ Hda2: D Disk
+ Hdb1: E Disk
+ Soft drive: Drive
+ Optical drive: F Disk
In Linux, you have a file system, instead of the five above in windows. Each disk is mounted on a tree structure like a folder. All the disks will look like this:
+ Hda1:/(our Root)
+ Hda2:/home
+ Hdb1:/home/user/music
+ Soft drive:/mnt/floppy
+ Optical drive:/mnt/cdrom
Disk D and disk e are both in disk C, so we do not need to go back to the top to replace the disk. we only need to move from one folder to another folder to implement from one disk to another. this also applies to our drive and optical drive: they are attached to the/mnt directory as part of a file system. these disks, the actual fresh and strong negative spenders suffer from glaze hexagrams? In any part of the Linux system, this lies in the setup program or the user's settings for the/etc/fstab file. This file tells the computer where to load and how to handle them.
2. Modular System
Think about the internal structures of Windows XP, Win2000, Win98, Win95, and Apple OS X. each of them has different components and different graphic interfaces. what if you want the Media Player in XP, the File Manager in win98, the stability of Win2000, and the beautiful UI of OS X in one system? In Linux, every aspect of the system is independent, so you can mix with each part to build your own "frankkenstan" system. you can select your firewall, your multimedia player, and your file manager from many software.
Different from Microsoft's "Tower" system, every aspect of the system is connected and independent of each other, which makes the Linux system like a market: everything works together for the common benefit, but the system can still be ruled out. do not use multimedia players or file managers? Take it away! Your system will not collapse like a broken tower.
The reason for so many modular Linux releases is that any individual or company can mix the programs they think are the most useful and give a name for the collection. redHat, Xandros, SimplyMEPIS, and Suse are several Release versions.
Some bots use the settings provided by some large release versions, but change the program. this is the linux method. The hybrid combination gives users more long-term options. distroWatch.com currently lists more than 350 Linux Release versions. most of the expressions in the list serve specific groups, but they can be adjusted to use the same program.
The program is interchangeable, and the graphical user interface (GUI) is no exception. the GUI gives you the appearance and feeling of the modern system through the mouse, program icons and menus. any Linux operating system (which must be run on a real computer, rather than on a telephone) can run one of many different guis, just as it can run many different Web browser or e-mail client programs.
Hope your system looks like Windows? Use FVWM with XP themes. Want to be faster? Try IceWM. Do you want more functions? Try GNOME or KDE. all these guis have their own advantages and disadvantages, but they all provide an interface that can be adjusted with a mouse. although this may make every Linux screen different, all the guis do the same for you in the background. It is not difficult to observe more.
3. Everything between hardware and software.
Linux has made great strides in its years of existence. its history is shorter than half of Microsoft's Windows, but it is more powerful, more stable, and has lower resource requirements. It is equivalent to (if not exceeded) on the interface) this expensive vulnerability is widely used by redmon.
Linux has not yet received vendor support. for example, if you really like QuickBooks, you cannot directly run it on Linux. there are some projects that allow Windows programs to run on Linux, such as CrossOver Office and Wine, but they are not always valid, which is related to Windows programs. until the software vendor decides to graft the program to the Linux platform, you cannot directly run them.
But it does not mean that everything is gone. Open-source software provides about 15000 programs that can be run directly for Linux. one of these programs is usually free of charge and their quality is flawed, but most programs are well written and are being improved from time to time. these programs can also import or export non-local file types. GNUCash can read Quickbooks files, and OpenOffice.org can read *. doc file. if you do not like GNUCash, do not despair. there are also many similar programs available for free, and more software companies are starting to release the Linux version of their software.
The same is true for hardware. just as you can't expect every hardware on the counter to be used on an Apple Computer, just like Linux. most of the standard hardware can work perfectly. Hard disks, memory, flash disks, mainboards, NICS, and digital cameras are usually no problem in Linux. the new hardware is different from the new one. unless the hardware vendor chooses to support Linux, the software programs used to run these hardware must be written by the Linux community and take part in the spare time of community members.
In short, hardware vendors usually work with Microsoft directly to ensure compatibility. However, if Linux volunteers solve Linux hardware support problems themselves, the support for Linux will inevitably lag behind Windows. laptops should be notorious for their non-standard hardware, and even having special keys in Linux may be a great challenge. the good news is that like software, as more and more vendors see their future in Linux, their hardware support for Linux is changing.
In a Linux computer, everything between software and hardware is the kernel. the kernel connects hardware and software, and the latest kernel can be obtained on the network every few weeks. the latest version is 2.6.14. if your hardware is not currently supported, it is very likely that an updated kernel will help you. It is usually not easy to install your own kernel. however, the package manager can help you.
4. Software Package Manager-making program installation easier
There are many ways to install programs in Linux, but the simplest is to use the Package Manager (PM) of your release version ). PM ensures that all missing files (called dependency packages) are installed to run the program correctly. select a release version with your favorite PM, but any Linux software can be installed on different release versions as long as you can find the relevant package
These PM usually have an online source of their program. to install an application, you can simply search for it in the source and click Install. You cannot find IceWM or Mplayer in the list of your package manager? There is always a way to add a new source that contains the software you need. some Software Package Manager examples include: synaptic (based on dpkg and apt) for Debian (and its derivative versions); Yum SuSE (and its derivative versions) for RedHat (and its derivative versions) emerge of YaST and Gentoo
5. Permissions
Linux is used by multiple users, and these users are divided into groups. each user has the right to read, write, or run (R/W/X) his/her own files and to change these permissions. because Linux is designed for multi-user environments, each user has his/her own password to restrict the acquisition of its files. these are user permissions.
Each user belongs to one or more groups. A user can set your file/folder permissions so that other members in the group can read but cannot write these files, or any other R/W/X combination. these are group permissions. for example, both Joe and Susan are in Accounting. they can allow the Accounting group to access the other party's files, but they may not be able to access the files in the Sales group.
Other permissions allow or deny access to these files by anyone outside the group. These permissions are set for the security of the entire system and for the security of each user's data.
Most home users can retain the default permissions.
Root users (do not confuse them with the file system/root directory). Like administrators, they have the right to process all files and are the only users who can change system settings. the root user has his/her own password for system maintenance. this difference prevents users from installing harmful spyware on the system.
Or delete important files.
6. Main directory 
Windows has my documents, but where do you put files that are not documents? Usually on the desktop! Linux can also mess up the desktop, but each user also has a main directory, usually located in/home/user. in the main directory, you usually have documents (/home/user/documents), program links, Music (/home/user/Music), or anything we want. we can create files and folders here and place them in an organized or random manner, just like our own home. in view of our permission settings, we can allow or deny any other users (except root users) to access these files.
7. Differences in default installation
There are some differences between different Linux releases, such as where some files are stored or how some default programs are named. it may be a good start to know the differences between the RedHat and SuSE file systems. most users do not need to know these differences, but they must be aware that there may be some differences in the internal file system. When looking for help, they must let others know the release version you are running. if you have no problem in your system or do not want to set the background to run, don't worry about this problem.
8. command line interface (CLI) or "How to Run"
From the Start menu, the xterm Program (also called the console) takes you to a terminal and looks like a DOS window, but it is earlier and more powerful than DOS. this is the CLI, which is the origin of our favorite system. It is available in every Linux release. we won't be too involved, so we will write several books. however, CLI is usually a powerful tool used to solve your computer problems. if you ask for help on the internet, someone wants you to run lspci. They want you to open xterm, enter lspci, press enter, and then provide a reflection on the screen.
When you open an xterm, you are usually a restricted common user. to enter the root user mode in xterm (see the preceding permissions), enter su press enter, enter the root user password, and press Enter. now you have a lot of rights, so be careful. the root user can destroy any one's data, including the system files required to run Linux. to exit an xterm or su mode, enter exit and press Enter.
9. Ctrl-alt-escape
Click Ctrl-alt-escape to convert your mouse into an X, cursor header, or other unlucky mouse arrows. in this mode, click a problematic or fixed application to kill it ). this is similar to the End Process of Windows Task Manager, but use it with caution. if you do not want to kill any program, click Esc to exit the kill mode. clicking a wrong program (including the desktop GUI) can cause a lot of trouble.
10. The network is your friend
Many releases have a user forum where you have questions, answers, and tips. linuxquestions.org is a great website that provides comprehensive knowledge and help. Remember, before posting, search for your questions in the SCSI and Google pages to avoid asking a problem that has already been resolved. At the same time, to test the time you have searched for answers, old answers may no longer be applicable in the rapidly developing Open-Source Software world. Provide as much effective information as possible about your system when you ask questions, such
* Processor type
* Your SuSE release version? Debian ?)
* Problematic software and
* Any other related information
Keep an open mind
Linux and other open-source software have developed rapidly over the past few years, but for users from the closed Windows world, the internal operation of Linux may be unfamiliar. An open mind and desire to share knowledge will help the Linux community grow. We welcome you to join us.