The Psychological Quality of Military Adviser in Ancient ChinaIn ancient China, the soldiers discussed the psychological quality of generals in order to inspire the study of modern military psychology. Key words: wude, five materials, six techniques, ten guards, and eight signs the ancient Chinese military psychology thought has a long history, profound and profound, and plays an extremely important role in the history of world military psychology. This article only makes a preliminary research on the understanding of the psychological quality of the generals by the ancient soldiers, so as to facilitate reference and further exploration. 1. According to the talent, morality, and personality of the generals, the ancient soldiers divide the generals into different types. There are five main points of view: 1.1 the three types of "Huai Nan Zi Bing Liao training" are divided into three types based on the generals ability: "General ", being able to win the power of heaven, Earth, and people, and using troops with a firm momentum, is a general Changsheng; "Lieutenant General", I do not know heaven, I do not know the location, but the hearts of the people, there is momentum, it is a general who wins more and loses less; "the generals" have no firm ideas, and have a strong self-doubt. "The residents are afraid, and they hesitate to lose. In the late Ming dynasty, the War Book "talk about the pen and the skin" also divided the generals into three types: "The husband will have a Confucian master, a military master, and a general. The Confucian master, who wins the temple. Military commanders, but also a thousand miles. General, Shen Ming Heaven and Earth, as well as capital and military personnel ." [1] This division is based not only on the capabilities of generals, but also on their personality. 1.2 five types: the soldiers in the Late Ming Dynasty and Early Qing Dynasty revealed five types of generals: Confucianism, courage, courage, skill, and art club. They also pointed out: "Confucianism, wisdom, and courage, dare to be bold, clever, and artistic." [2] That is to say, the scholar will be wise and resourceful, and will be brave enough to fight for good. He will be brave enough to make a fortune, and his art will be a digital skill. In 1.3, the cat6 said that "the device is used in different sizes ." Based on this, the generals are divided into six types, and the talents and personalities of all kinds of generals are analyzed in detail: Shifu, who can identify right and wrong, find the cause, and be convinced by others, bai Fuzhi, hardworking and responsible, speak cautiously and carefully; Qian Fuzhi, have a straightforward strategy, brave and good war; Wan Fuzhi, looks awesome, enthusiastic, considerate, caring for subordinates; the meeting of 100,000 people is very good at recruiting talents. They are serious and cautious, treat people with sincerity, pay attention to credit, treat people with extensiveness, and be good at solving complicated problems. The future of the world will be benevolent, give credit, learn astronomy, and observe personnel, geographic recognition, with the four seas as the home. The eighth type said that Xu Dong of the Northern Song Dynasty divided the generals into two categories and eight types: "the big ones, the one who said the day, the two who said the earth, the three who said the people will, the four who said the gods will; their little ones, one is Wei, two is strong, three is fierce, four is good ". [3] On this basis, the author makes a comprehensive analysis on the eight generals in terms of military talent, morality, and character: the generals can review the situation, judge the good and evil; can strategize, proper advances and advances; capable of clever calculation, flexible use of troops, to confuse the enemy and defeat the enemy; foresight of the victory or defeat of the war, stability of the action, quiet, and stability of the military. They are good at fighting, observing the terrain. They can flexibly direct troops to make them feel at ease. They are good at bringing the troops back to life, and they can also make the troops stay in peace and "decisive ". Integrity, restraint, and no bad habits; pay attention to etiquette, be loyal to the monarch, share the joys and sorrows of soldiers; be good at recruiting talents, dare to make decisions, be benevolent and generous to soldiers, rewards and Punishments are strict; right can be clearly identified, so that the military is stable; can be treated differently according to the characteristics of soldiers; can stand by and act in military command, will be counted, can make full use of the favorable situation decisive attack. The spirit of God can flexibly use the conditions such as day and place, and can select excellent talents. There are both the characteristics of the three generals (heaven, Earth, and people. Wei, because the original text is missing, the specific content is unknown. Strong generals can leverage the advantages of time and location when marching to fight, and can use all kinds of talents, so that all kinds of officers and soldiers can "smell the enemy, without any doubt"; can govern the army in accordance with the law, so that the enemy can feel the fear, the battle can win. The attacker will be able to give command freely, and the operations will be varied and varied. Even if they are single-handed, they will be able to "make the enemy unafraid and far away ." Liang Zhihui, "We use Wei as the table, Meng as the Li, and strong as the center, and there will be three ." [3] in Section 9 "", the generals are divided into nine types based on the talent, morality, and personality of the generals, that is, Renzhi, Yizhi, Lihui, Zhi, Xin, Bu, qihui, Meng, and general. The characteristics of all kinds of generals are as follows: renhui, with his own high moral influence, teaches soldiers, standardizes the behavior of soldiers with courtesy, cares about, cares for, and cares for his subordinates, in case of such problems, we will not allow ourselves to shake our determination, take pride in war, and do not accept the humiliation of stealing; courtesy, high status, not arrogant, winning, not arrogant, talented, but modest to the subordinates, strong character, but able to bear the burden of humiliation; wisdom will make good use of strategy, unpredictable changes, adapt to circumstances, turn unfavorable factors into favorable factors, win in the case of crisis; the letter will, rewards are just and timely, and punishments are not worthy of consideration; Walking is strong, courage overwhelmed by thousands of people, good at sticking to positions, good at tearing with the sword; riding will, good riding and good shooting, A pioneer in the attack, a defender in the retreat, a strong defender, and a strong spirit across the entire army. The strong enemy is despised, and the enemy faces a small battle. The generals are brave enough to embrace others' opinions, he is generous, resolute, brave, and resourceful. 2. What qualities should generals possess? Since Sun Tzu's Art of War, there have been a wide variety of opinions. In general, there are some main points: 2.1 "five virtues and five dangers" on Sun Tzu's Art of War: cloud: "The owner, intelligence, trust, benevolence, courage, and Yan." That is to say, as a general, we must have five standards, namely, "Five Virtues ". This does not summarize Sun Wu's requirements on the General's quality. He also wrote in the article "Nine changes": "There will be five dangers: death, kill, birth, success, high speed, can be bullied; honest, can be insulted; love the people, annoying. Any of these five will be able to survive the disaster recovery ." This is based on the general character and supplements the deficiency of "Five Virtues. "Brave" is a virtue, but "dead", reckless may be tempted by the enemy; "lover" is a virtue, but over-loving the people will cause troubles to protect the people; "honesty" is a virtue, but excessive honesty and self-love will also lead to irrational loss of the enemy's insults. As for greed and fear of death, an instant generals are naturally overwhelmed. In this way, Sun Wu comprehensively analyzed the qualities that generals should possess from both positive and negative aspects. 2.2 "three tools" in Guan believes that "the number of troops ,...... ." [4] for this reason, the generals must be "three", that is, "knowing", "knowing", and "knowing": "The crowd of people, the crude spirit of Shi, the power of the device is bitter. You know it as well. You know it better than you know it. You know it better than you know it. The host is also required. [5] the so-called "Knowledge Form" refers to understanding the military material strength of both sides of the enemy and me, and the "knowledge ability" refers to the ability to know the generals of both sides of the enemy and me; "Zhiyi" refers to understanding the intention of the military actions of the enemy, the enemy, and the other sides. As a general, you must have the capabilities in these three aspects to "Hear the promise" and "see the promise ". 2.3 "Five Virtues" On sima fa, the generals must meet the "benevolence", "courage", "wisdom", "righteousness", "trust" and other conditions. "All the people are saved by benevolence, fought by righteousness, determined by wisdom, fought by courage, operated by faith, and won by merit. ." [6] the idea of generals should conform to "benevolence", behaviors should comply with "righteousness", and transactions should be handled by "wisdom", and strong enemies of uniform should rely on "courage ", to win the hearts of people for a long time, we need to rely on "trust ". In 2.4, the "Five Shen and Four Virtues" theory "Wu zibing Fa" summarized the General's quality as "The overall martial arts, and the rigid and flexible", and required the generals to have both political and political integrity and intelligence and courage. Under the guidance of this ideology, the author puts forward the "Five Shen and Four Virtues" requirement: "Let's take note of five: one by one, two by backup, three by result, 4. Ring and 5. About. The Administrator is the target of the target, and the defender is the target of the target. The Defender is the target of the target, and the target is the target of the target, save the effort." [7] said: "All troops have four machines: one air machine, two earth machine, three air machines, and four air machines ....... Those who know the four can be used. However, their power, morality, benevolence, and courage will be enough to gain peace of mind and defeat the enemy ." [7] from these two paragraphs, we can see that the generals should have the idea of "governing the public as the military" and "seeing the enemy when going out, "Although the beginning of the war" is a cautious attitude, the "law-saving and not annoying" military governance style. In addition, you must have the ability to master morale, use terrain, use tactics, and enhance combat effectiveness. You must have the qualities of dignity, morality, benevolence, and courage. Such generals can control subordinates, stabilize the military mind, deter the enemy, and make decisions. 2.5 "three virtues" in the Spring and Autumn dynasties Shen Bao believes that generals take troops to fight, the most important thing is that they must meet the three conditions of "intelligence, benevolence, and courage": "husband war, intelligence is the beginning, ren followed, Yong followed." [8] without "wisdom", you cannot understand the hearts of the people, nor estimate the strength or weakness of the people in the world. Without "benevolence", you cannot share the joys and sorrows with the soldiers of the three armies, they are loved by soldiers. Without "courage", they cannot solve difficult problems and implement strategic plans. 2.6 "Know the Five Virtues" in the Warring States Period Sun Yu put forward stricter standards on the General's quality. He believes that generals must "know", that is, they must master the rules that guide the overall situation of war and have the abilities and skills to control the overall situation of war. To this end, Generals need to have a wealth of knowledge-"know the ways of heaven, know the ground"; to have a high political prestige-"win the hearts of the people "; we also need to gain insight into the enemy situation-"know the enemy's feelings outside the world", Master tactics-"Know the eight secrets of the battle", and flexibly command-"see victory and fight, but never see and fight ". [9] He further proposed that the author must possess the "Five Virtues" such as righteousness, benevolence, morality, trust, and wisdom, and analyzed their status and role: "righteous, "First of the soldiers"; "benevolent, the belly of the soldiers"; "German, the hand of the soldiers"; "faithful, the foot of the soldiers"; "Wise, the tail of the soldiers ". [9] 2.7 "five materials ten times" the article "Six Tao" states that "there will be five materials ten times", that is, the generals must possess five qualities to avoid ten shortcomings. "The so-called five talents are brave, wise, benevolent, trustworthy, and loyal. Brave is not guilty; wisdom is not chaotic; Benevolence is a lover; faith is not bullied; Loyalty is no two-hearted ." [10] "the so-called" Ten "," brave "and" light "," impatient "," greedy "and" good "," benevolent "and" unbearable ", and" wise, those who believe in good faith, who are honest but not loved by others, those who are wise and slow, those who are resolute and self-employed, and those who are timid and happy." [10] This article discusses the qualities that generals should possess from both positive and negative aspects. 2.8 The 12th mausoleum is devoted to the quality of generals. The 12th mausoleum is the 12 qualities that generals should possess: "The power lies in the constant, the benefit lies in the time, the machine lies in the event, the battle lies in the governance, the attack lies in the watch, the guard lies in the exterior decoration, the failure lies in the degree, the trouble lies in the preparation, be cautious with the fear of small, Wisdom lies in governance, harm lies in the dare to break, the crowd lies in the people." This is the author's 12 requirements from the front and the necessary conditions for the war. The author also discussed 12 wrong practices of generals from the opposite: "regret lies in doubt, evil lies in slaughter, and more private. ominous lies in the past evil news, not the exhaustion of wealth, unknown lies in the suffering, not lies in the light hair, the poor lies in the secret, the Disaster lies in the good, the harm lies in the villain, the death lies in the no guard, the danger lies in the no command." 2.9 The "Six techniques and five Powers" theory was put forward by Xunzi. He believes that generals must understand and master the "Six techniques", "five Powers", "Three to", and "Five unlimited ". The so-called "Six techniques" refer to the six capabilities that the generals should possess regarding the military administration and operational command: "The command orders should be executed, and the command will be executed in a strict manner, "To trust"; "to share your favorites, to be solid on a weekly basis"; "to migrate and retreat, to be secure, to speed up"; "to view the enemy, I want to dive deep, and I want to participate in the event of an enemy's decisive battle. I will know what I want, and I will have no doubt about what I want." The so-called "five Powers" refer to the five questions that should be frequently considered as generals: "no desire to discard evil", that is, generals should always consider national interests, do not make a choice based on your personal preferences; "Do not forget to defeat without an urgent victory", do not rush to win in wartime, but ignore the serious consequences of rashly engaged; "No way inside and outside ", do not underestimate the enemy by setting up internal authority. "Do not only view the advantages of combat, regardless of its harmful aspects; "If you want to get familiar with things and use money to make things," you must think carefully about military affairs. When you reward soldiers, do not mean anything. The so-called "three to three" means that in three cases, generals can freely handle military and political affairs without following the commands of the MONARCH: "Therefore, the generals are not assigned three orders: they can be killed but cannot be used up. They can be killed but cannot be invincible. They can be killed rather than deceiving the people ". The so-called "wuwukuang" means that excellent generals should be cautious and careless in using tactics, engaging in wars, respecting local officials, loving soldiers, and treating enemies. If the generals can fulfill the above requirements, they can become outstanding generals. [11] 2.10 "Twelve energy" on the book "Three omitted" has made a lot of discussion on the general's quality, the standards of the generals include "12 energy", "8 suffering", and "4 precepts. "12 energy" refers to the 12 types of military talents that generals should possess: "clear": clean and selfless, and "quiet": calm and calm, and "smooth": Fair, ability to "consolidate": strict military discipline, ability to "accept": accept criticism and suggestions, ability to "Listen to litigation": Clear cut between right and wrong, ability to "accept": good talent, "Speaking": Be good at listening to subordinates, be good at "Knowing the customs of the country": be familiar with the customs of the enemy, and be able to "map mountains and rivers": Be familiar with geography and be able to "Table dangerous ": aware of terrain risks and shadows, and "military authority": can effectively manage the army. The "Eight risks" refers to the eight shortcomings that the generals should overcome: "deny", "deny", "Good and Evil", "private", "self", "trust", "greedy", "ingu ", that is to say, the generals should not refuse to give advice, do not listen to good plans, do not stand alone, do not boast about themselves, do not listen to rumors, do not greedy for property, do not be infatuated with female. The "Four commandments" means that the generals should guard against: "brave", "brave", "arrogant", and "Angry ". 2.11 The "Five Elements and ten guards" theory "Huai Nanzi Military Training" puts forward the views of "Three tunnels", "four meanings", "Five Elements", and "ten guards" in view of the general's quality. The so-called "Three tunnel" is to require generals to learn Tiandao, study the terrain, and observe the human feelings. The "Four righteousness" means that the generals should do the following: "Let the country not bear the troops, let alone the lord, and never fear death, and never avoid sin ". The "Five Elements" means that the generals should be soft, soft, strict in love, smart, and brave. The "Ten-stick" refers to the ten psychological qualities required by the generals: Innocence, foresight, determination, waking, no greed, no sex, no debate, no commission, no happiness, no anger. 2.12 "Six virtues" East China Wang Fu believes that the generals must have six excellent psychological qualities: "wisdom to defeat the enemy, benevolence to attach the public, respect to talent, the letter will be rewarded, brave to Qi, strict to a order. Therefore, if you fold the enemy, you will be able to combine and change. If you attach your love to the enemy, you will be able to fight against the enemy. If you reward and punish the enemy, you will do your best, wei Ling 1 will only make. If there are these six, they will be able to defeat the enemy and assist the Lord in the security of the people ." [12] 2.13 "Law of the 15th Five-year Plan" the book "yuan" specifically discusses generals, and comprehensively and systematically analyzes the quality of generals, this article puts forward the "15 laws" and other points of view. First, "There will be five good four desires ". "Five good" refers to: "Good knowledge of the situation of the enemy, good knowledge into the way back, good knowledge of the real situation of the country, good knowledge of personnel, good understanding of mountains and rivers dangerous resistance ". "Four desires" refer to: "The desire for war is odd, the desire for secret, the desire for quiet, and the desire for one ". [13] Second, "There will be five strong and eight evil ". "Five strong" means: "The high festival can be refined, the filial piety can be famous, the faith can make friends, the mind can accommodate the crowd, and the best efforts can be made ". The "Eight evil" refers to: "seeking cannot expect right or wrong, cannot be a good person, politics cannot be a criminal law, rich cannot be a poor person, Wisdom cannot be a ready-to-be-ready, and security cannot be prevented, you can't give it all you know, but you can't give it up without complaints ". [14] third, "there will be eight disadvantages". "One is greedy, the other is jealous, the other is jealous, and the other is jealous, the fifth day hesitated and unconsciously, the sixth day said that it was a waste of alcohol, and the seventh day said that it was fraudulent and self-defeating, and the eighth day said that it was not polite." [15] Fourth, on the basis of the above conditions, we propose the "15 laws" as a required quality for generals to govern the military and military use: Consider: observing the enemy situation, checking for defense, and being brave: the enemy is indomitable, honest: profitable, fair: Reward and Punishment, endure: endure shame, wide: can accommodate all people, letter: keep your promise, respect: Dear sage, Ming: Do not listen to your words, please: do not violate the ritual law, benevolence: Be kind to the soldiers, loyalty: Lead by country, points: Know and stop contentment, seeking: Know Yourself And know yourself, think deeply. [15] 2.14 Du Mu of the Tang Dynasty on the "Eight virtues" held that "the tailu has no other saying and no different saying, but it is limited to benevolence, righteousness, loyalty, faith, wisdom, courage, strictness, and civilization." [16] Based on Sun Wu's "Five Virtues", he added "Zhong, Yi, and Ming" and put "benevolence, righteousness, loyalty, and faith" in front of "wisdom, he paid special attention to the moral qualities of generals. 2.15 On the Southern Song Dynasty, Hua Yue pointed out that generals should pay attention to four issues in military and political activities. He called the "Four precepts": to avoid "playing lightly "; emphasize "the method of not fighting"; prevent "Gathering goods; extensively" attracting heroes ". [17] Zhu Yuanzhang's 2.16 "five things" realized in his own war practices: "We will have to choose wise, wise, benevolent, and brave people. Knowledgeable, capable of observing the machine in the shape of the not; planning, ability is better than not moving; Benevolence, can have a scholar heart; brave, can destroy the strength of the broken. He is also the fourth person, and he can succeed ." [18] Later, he proposed that the generals must meet five conditions: "intelligence, courage, loyalty, benevolence, and trust", which are called "five things ". "The soldiers will be at the pivot and the wisdom Park, seeking for unexpected results; the gas and the strength, the brave and broken; the loyal man, do not count as well; the Huai Ren to observe the hardships, let Sanming go back to five Shen; believe in the crowd without confusion, the trace of the event, the merit will be rewarded, the penalty will be done, if you will be able to prepare for these five events, dare to take the lead." [19] 2.17 "Eight virtues and seven harms", said Qi Jiguang, general of the Ming Dynasty. He demanded that the generals must possess eight excellent moral qualities: First, being upright and selfless, and being bright and upright; second, being determined to protect the nation and the people and be indomitable; and third, being born to death: Be brave and brave, regardless of life and death; the fourth is to identify the right of interest: to behave in courtesy, not to be fake; to be good: to do good deeds, not to change the festival; To Be Honest, To be honest; To Be Honest, To be honest; To be honest: he is generous and does not abandon the principle. He is still modest: modest and cautious, guard against arrogance and rashness. At the same time, it is required that the generals must overcome 7 Bad Conduct: first, the sound damage: the legality; second, the goods interests: the greed of property; third, the arrogance of personal use; and fourth, the victory of people: jealous sages can avoid it; fifth, they will be able to meet each other's needs; sixth, they will be able to hide and fall in front of each other; and seventh, they will be able to hide their names. [20] 3 General selection theory the selection of General is mainly based on the general quality theory. Therefore, the ancient military's understanding of generals selection often reflects their views on the psychological quality of generals. There are five main points of view in this regard: 3.1 "eight signs" said this is the method proposed by Liu Tao to examine and select generals. The book points out: "There are eight signs of knowledge: one is to say to view its words; the other is to look at the words of the poor to change; the other is to view its sincerity with the spy; 4. clearly ask to view its virtues; 5. Make it to view its integrity with money; 6. test to see its purity with color; 7. Report to fail to view its courage; 8. If both the eight signs are available, then you will be able to afford them ." [21] This article points out eight methods for selecting and observing generals, and also points out eight psychological qualities that a good general must possess. 3.2 "Seven views" said "zhuyuan zhiren" pointed out: "the lady's nature is hard to detect. Although good and evil are special, they have different appearances. There are gentle and for stealing, there are external and inner deception, there are brave and inner, have the best effort and not loyal ." Although the human psychology is hard to examine, It is not untraceable. "Seven Days of knowing people: let alone Let's look at what they are; the second is to persuade them to change with words; the third is to seek and view their knowledge; the fourth is to say that it is difficult to view its courage; the fifth is to get drunk and view its nature; let's look at its integrity with the benefit of others; let's look at its trust with things in the seven period." 3.3 "Seven choose seven views" said Li Zhe believes that the examination and selection of generals must pay attention to "Seven choose seven views": "Choose the holy path, choose the sages and morality, and choose wisdom to seek, choose courage to strength, choose greed to profit, choose rape to gap, choose ignorance to danger. Let's look at things and things in the same way, or view their virtues in different ways, or change their powers to view their ideas, or take and view their courage, or gain financial profits, or gain a clear picture of the gap between them, or fear to view its safety." [22] 3.4 "nine tests" said "Wu Jing Zong" proposed to examine generals with "nine tests": "The so-called nine testers, far from making them loyal to others, let it look at its wisdom and wisdom in the near future, and let it look at its power in an instant. Let's look at its trust in the future, and let it look at its benevolence with goods and wealth, let us know how to watch the festival in danger. If we are drunk, we can see the wine in a different way." [23] in 3.5, the "four differences" said the "Tiger Sutra" believes that the general can be examined in four aspects: view appearance, listen to words, view behavior, and view actions: "Pre-sincerely identify whether they can have four: one appearance, two speech, three actions, and four actions." [24] The author also made a detailed analysis on how to examine the generals through these four aspects, using some regular phenomena in psychology.
To sum up, we can see that ancient Chinese soldiers have a rich and insightful understanding of the psychological quality of generals. Discovering and sorting out valuable ideas in this area will certainly help modern military psychology to study the generals psychology, and will certainly help improve the quality of modern generals.
