The technology of supporting processor--the world of endless pursuit of speed books and information

The technology of supporting processors-the world of endless pursuit of speed

(Open the Processor black box for programmers, and gain a deeper understanding of construction and rationale.) ）

(US) The sea-Isaac Ando;

Jian Li translation

ISBN 978-7-121-18092-7

published October 2012

Price: 69.00 RMB

Page 356

16 Open

Editor's recommendation

The earth is supported by processors that are several times more than the total population, and are at the heart of computers, mobile devices and even social infrastructures. This book explains how the processor constructs extremely high-performance technologies and describes how to write programs to make the processor run efficiently.

This book is in the upper level of logic circuit, mainly in the "micro-architecture" and "instruction Architecture" These programmers interface as the center, silking for you to open the processor black box, let you really understand the structure and operation of the processor principle.

Driving does not need to know the structure and structure of the car performance differences, but want to open the wind or fuel saving is not. This book is written to a programmer who needs to improve the efficiency of a computer system, revealing the great difference between "knowing."

Similar bibliography recommendation:

"Deep Linux device driver kernel mechanism"

Content Summary

This book, with its easy-to-understand language and a large number of illustrations, introduces the history, basic structure and principle of the processor, as well as the popular virtualization technology, multi-tasking, multi-core, GPGPU and so on, and introduces the methods of effectively utilizing the various functions of the processor to improve the performance of the application. For the average reader, this is the popular science books of learning knowledge; For programmers, this is the key to opening the treasure trove of modern processors.

Finally, the book also introduces the application of processors in mobile devices, automobiles, home appliances and other aspects, and looks forward to the future development of processors, hoping to help developers of related hardware and software.

about the author

Hisa Ando has developed the experience of cutting-edge processors in the 40. Was involved in the development of the SPARC V9 architecture as a member of the SPARC Architecture Committee, and was involved in the development of SPARC64 as Vice president and general manager of the Processor Development Division of HAL Corporation. Later, he worked as a technical teacher in the computer business division of Fujitsu Corporation. Now as a technical writer, mainly engaged in processor, supercomputer-related reports and presentations. In addition, he served as a guest lecturer in several universities and was responsible for the computer architecture curriculum. He has a PhD degree in engineering.

Preface

2010, the world sells 1 million of personal computers every day, the core of which is the processor. In fact, not only personal computers, automobiles, home appliances, especially mobile phones also have a processor figure. Nearly all of the arm processors embedded in the handset were developed by ARM, the arm company reported in 2010, and the total sales of ARM processors in the year exceeded 20 billion. ARM companies alone produce 4 billion arm processors a year, more than half the world's population. So, the world we live in is supported by processors that are several times more than the total population of the Earth. In addition, Google and other social backbone systems such as search, bank ATM, railway transportation system are inseparable from the processor, we can not imagine life without these systems.

Looking back on history, people have spent a great amount of energy from ancient times to achieve simple, high-speed computing. From calculating auxiliary tools such as Abacus, to using gears to make mechanical adders and multipliers, and later using electronic circuits instead of gears for faster speeds. The first computer, ENIAC, was completed and put into use in 1946, a huge behemoth like a house that can be calculated 5,000 times per second and consumes about 150kW. Compared to this, the performance of modern microprocessors is 100多亿次 per second, the overall maximum power consumption of the PC is about 300W. This means that the computational performance has increased by 2 million times times and the power consumption has dropped to 1/500.

In fact, from the original computer to now only 60 years. The reason for the leap is that the progress of the circuit technology from the vacuum tube to the transistor to LSI is of course the greatest credit. On the other hand, the progress of computer architecture, which is attached to the speed of operation, has made great contributions.

Although processor performance has been evolving rapidly, the performance of single-core has slowed down recently due to power consumption constraints. People are starting to improve performance from multi-threaded, multi-core, and through the use of virtual machines, security and other technologies to improve usability.

In addition, not only traditional computers, smartphones, netbooks and other mobile devices also use a powerful processor, due to battery life requirements, the processor is also in the direction of energy-saving development.

As mentioned above, the processor continues to evolve to adapt to changing times and needs. The PC is labeled "Intel Inside", and even people who have no interest in hardware technology know the microprocessor, at least the name of the processor. On the other hand, with the development of science and technology, the processor becomes extremely complex, and its construction and usage skills are difficult to be widely recognized.

However, is to understand the structure of the processor and operating principle, or to use it as a black box and do not know why, the use of the effect is no different. Like driving, if you just want to drive away, you don't have to know the difference in the structure and structure of the car, but if you can understand it, it's not going to be more "windy" or more fuel-saving.

This book is aimed at programmers who want to improve the efficiency of computer systems, explain the high-performance technologies and constructs used in processors, and describe how to write programs to make the processor run efficiently. Referring to the design of the processor, some people may associate with the door, or the door and other logic circuits such as hardware design, but the book content in the upper logic circuit, mainly in the "micro-architecture" and "instruction Architecture" These programmers interface as the center, describes the structure and operation principle of the processor. Processors are at the heart of a variety of computers and today play a pivotal role in mobile devices and even social infrastructures. I hope this book will help you understand the development of the processor and master the processor.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          November 2010

Hisa Ando

Catalogue

The 1th chapter of the processor and the computer system ....... ..... ................... 1

1.1 The structure of the computer .......... ......... 2

Computer Components-processors, memory, input/output devices ........ ....... 2

The physical structure of the column processor package ....... .................. 4

The computer uses the binary to calculate ....... ............... 4

Column 2 value and multi-value non-binary is not allowed. Not necessarily. ........................... 5

The processor--the brain of the computer, is responsible for interpreting the program ....... 6

A column processor, a microprocessor that defines the most important components of a computer--the processor ... 7

Column line-level ........ ............. 8

The column denotes the prefix of the order of magnitude ...... .......... 10

Memory--The instructions and data for storing the computer ....... ....... 13

Input/output devices--the eyes, ears and mouth of the computer ..... ........... 18

The North Bridge and the South Bridge--the fading name ....... ............ 21st

1.2 The semiconductor technology that supports the computer's high-speed .......... ..... 22

Moore's law-more transistors, higher degree of parallelism ..... ......... 22

Scaling law-the performance of transistors is improved ....... 24

The micro-miniaturization of semiconductor miniaturization, which is the result of a steady flow of development investment, will continue for a long time ... 24

Three pillars of improved performance-increased frequency, parallel processing, and functional expansion .... 25

1.3 Methods of computer and data representation .......... ...... 26

Byte, half word, word ...--bit group and use ................. 26

Word encoding ..... ..... ..... ....................... 27

Column Japanese and text Encoding ......... ............... 28

An unsigned integer with a symbol integer, a complement of 1, and a complement of 2 represent .... 29

Floating-point decimal--ieee 754 standard ....... ........... 30

Big Endian and Little Endian .......... ............. 32

1.4 Processors and instructions ......... ........... 34VIII

Get started with the instruction architecture ........ ................. 34

Machine instructions--the instructions of the processor ........ ......... 36

The address space ..... ..... ..... ...................... 36

Column AMD and Intel's 64-bit extension architecture ......... ........ 38

1.5 How to write a machine instruction program ....... ......... 39

Programming in assembly language .......... ............. 39

Use the compiler for high-level language programming ......... ............. 40

Explain language programming ....... ..................... 41

A summary of 1.6 ..... ..... ......................... 43

The miniaturization of the column semiconductors ....... ................ 44

The 2nd chapter on the history of processors ....... ................. 46

2.1 Computer prior to the computing device ..... ................ 47

Abacus--The earliest calculation tool ........ ................ 48

Napier (Napier's Bones)------------------the multiplication aids ... 49

Mechanical computer--schikard computer, Pascaline ....... 50

Babbage's differential machine-a supercomputer that uses gears ........ ................. 52

2.2 The earliest electronic computer ........ ................ 53

The earliest electronic computer--abc and ENIAC ......... 53

fujic--is the first computer in Japan ........ ..... 54

2.3 The evolution of the components of the processor ........ ....... 55

The era of dividing computers according to the main components ......... ........ 55

The 1th generation: Vacuum tube ..... ..... ............... 55

The 2nd generation: Transistors ....... ................ 56

The 3rd generation: integrated circuits ........ ........... 57

4th generation: Large scale integrated circuits (VLSI) ......... ....... 58

The development trend of the number of components and the clock frequency of VLSI processors ........ ........ 61

2.4 The change of the instruction architecture ........ .................. 62

The path to the development of the instruction architecture ......... ..... 62

The computer on which the program is stored--the program is also read from memory ..... ..... ..... ......... 63

Virtual memory--richer, inexhaustible memory ... .......... 64

Multi-processing-need to change the deployment of the program ....... ............ 66

The advent of TSS and memory management facilities .......... ......... 67

After the column Multics ........ ............ 68

Memory management facilities, privileged management-Multiple users need to address security issues ..... 68

ISA extension--the establishment of the instruction architecture and the implementation of instruction compatibility ....... ..... 69

2.5 The development of micro-architecture ........ .......... 70

The path to the development of micro-architecture ........ ......... 70

Pipeline processing-efficient use of hardware through pipelining registers ....... .......... 72

The high speed of the arithmetic--integer arithmetic, floating-point arithmetic, ..... .......... 73

Cache--A kit to solve the memory access problem ......... ......... 74

The advent of RISC is--risc with Cisc .......... ....... 76

Superscalar execution--executes multiple instructions in a single cycle ..... ........ 77

Disorderly execution-changing the order of instructions to improve performance ...... ..... 78

Column disorderly execution (out of order): please note that. ............................. 80

Branch prediction and speculative execution--"conditional branch order" countermeasures ....... .......... 80

Multi-core-power consumption limits drive the development of multi-core ......... ......... 81

The use of 2.6 processors is becoming more and more widely used ......... .......... 82

Active on the various stage of the processor ....... ............... 82

Energy-saving, high-reliability technology, real-time – a wide variety of needs ........ ..... 83

A summary of 2.7 ..... ..... ......................... 83

The 3rd Chapter [detailed] The processor architecture for programmers ......... ............. 86

3.1 Technology that supports micro-architecture ........ ................ 87

The principle of pipelining execution-parallel processing instructions ............. 87

The construction of the cache--Increase the memory access speed ......... ..... 99

RISC and cisc--command with variable length instruction ....... ..... ............ 112

Increase the speed of the operator--one of the components in the processor that has a long processing time due to complex handling .... 116

The principle of superscalar execution--executing multiple instructions in parallel in a single cycle ....... 126

The principle of disorderly execution-reducing the impact of data disasters ............ 128

The principle of branch prediction-to reduce the damage caused by the control of the disaster ....... ....... 134

Modern processors eliminate or mitigate a variety of disasters to improve performance ........ ........... 140

Memory, I/O and input/output interface ........ ........ 141

Performance counters-information about performance analyzers and internal execution status of the processor .... 147

The 3.2 architecture extension extends the scope of use of the processor ......... ............ 149

Multi-Program and memory management facilities .......... .............. 149

Interrupt processing facilities ....... ................... 155X

Column anomalies, interruptions, traps--terminology collation ..... ..... ..................... 159

Virtualization Support-memory access and memory management facilities ..... ..... ................. 160

Support for multimedia, encryption, etc.-it takes a lot of data to calculate ... and so on ...... ..... 162

3.3 x86 Nehalem Architecture processor ......... ............ 167

x86 's instruction system and the Intel 64 architecture ....... ............... 167

The structure of the Core i7 processor ........ ................. 175

Memory management uses a Level 4 table ....... ..... ................. 180

The new processor interface QPi ...... ..... ................... 184

A summary of 3.4 ..... ....... ..................... 185

The 4th chapter of virtualization Support .......... ....... 188

4.1 The purpose of virtualization and its advantages and disadvantages ......... ......... 189

The basics of Virtualization (review) ......... .......... 189