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The singular and plural of the subject and the predicate are consistent
The noun in English has its singular and plural forms, the verb also has its singular and plural forms, the two must be consistent. The singular subject (subject) noun should be in the singular (singular) form of the verb (verb), and the plural subject noun should be in the plural (plural) form of the verb. The way we write Chinese is not so familiar with English, it is difficult to pair it without thinking, and we need to be careful not to make mistakes, especially when the subject noun and verb are separated. Try the following example.
- A high percentage of peptides (peptide) that is made of amino acids (amino acid) is present in the sample.
- A high percentage is the real subject, not the neighboring amino acids, so it should be in the singular form
- Should be replaced by: A high percentage of peptides of made of amino acids was present in the sample.
- What makes things more complicated is that English nouns are divided into different categories, one of which is called set nouns. It can be used both as singular words and as plural. Collective nouns are singular when they are whole, and each member is used as an individual in plural.
- The number of mice (mouse) in the experiment is increased.
- A number of mice (mice) have died.
- All of the samples were analyzed.
- All of the Safety Procedures (program) was strictly followed.
- The pronoun none can be either singular or plural. When the word after none is singular, use the singular verb. When the word after none is plural. Use plural verbs.
- None of the information was useful.
- None of the animals were starved.
- Words that describe quantity, weight, volume, time, etc. are singular, but are plural when added or reduced in a fraction of times . In this sense, it is similar to a set noun.
- 1.5 ml was added.
- Ten G was added.
- 6 hours was the required incubation time.
- 5 g were added stepwise. emphasis on batch addition of materials
- Abbreviated quantity units, such as MG, ml, s, and so on, the singular and plural are the same, such as 1mg, 5 mg. Some words such as series, type (category), portion (part), Class (category), should be in the singular form.
- A series of derivatives of penicillin (derivatives of penicillin) was prepared. (series)
- A large portion (part) of the reports is focused in how to deal with the increased costs (increased cost). (portion)
- Data, criteria (standard), phenomena (phenomenon), media (medium) are plural forms, their singular forms are datum, criterion, phenomenon, medium.
The modifiers should be consistent with the relationship between the noun and the subject.
- when using 1) verb noun (gerund), 2) participle (participle), 3) infinitive (infinitive) as a modifier, the verbs in the modifier should be consistent with the subject noun in the main sentence. Z Many of these situations occur when a modifier is used in a word or verb, while the main sentence uses the passive voice There are many more cases of this grammatical error in the
- Journal of Science and Technology. Strictly speaking, this is only a grammatical error, generally does not affect the understanding of the content of the sentence, so a lot of authors do not pay attention to. Editors and readers sometimes have no strict requirements to correct them. For example, the following is Nature Magazine 2006 An example of a 439 volume.
- Using The enhancer Gal4/uas expression system, short-term memory traces of aversive and appetitive olfactory condition ING has been assigned to output synapses of subsets of intrinsic neurons of the mushroom bodies. Using the enhancer Gal4/uas expression system, already assigned Aversion and appetite for olfactory regulation of short-term memory traces to output the synapses of a subset of the inner neurons of the mushroom body. We use the word "we" or "I" as the subject, but the following is a short-term memory trace as a subject.
- (1) verb noun
- after finishing the purification, the activity of the isolated compound is then studied.
We or I are the subject of the verb noun finishing form, which is inconsistent with the subject activity of the main sentence. The
should be replaced by the following purification was finished, the activity of the isolated compound were then studied. (Add a predicate to the previous clause)
or: After finishing the purification, we studied the activity of the isolated compound. (Keep the subject of the following sentence consistent with the clause)
- treated with the new drug, the blood cholesterol levels of participants were lowered to an average of 30%
should be changed to: Tre Ated with the new drug, participants showed a average of 30% decrease in their blood cholesterol levels.
- (2) Word phrase
- The iron concentration was determined using the Fenton reaction method.
The iron concentration is inconsistent with the using the Fenton reaction method relationship. The
should be changed to: The iron concentration is determined by the Fenton reaction method. determined by Fenton reaction method
OR: We determined the iron concentration using the Fenton reaction method. We use Fenton reaction method to determine
- when measuring the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide, air samples from a remote place, such as an island, is Preferr Ed.
When the subject of the clause is we or I, but the following sentence is used in the passive voice, air samples is the subject
should be changed to: when the atmospheric level of carbon dioxide is measured, a IR samples from a remote place, such as an, is preferred.
- (3) Infinitive
- To further investigate the potential role of biking in causing infertility, a expanded population of biking athletes was Surveyed.
The form subject of the infinitive phrase is we or I, which is inconsistent with the subject of the main clause population.
Instead: To further investigate the potential role of biking in causing infertility, we surveyed an expanded population of bi King athletes.
- To confirm the diagnosis, blood test was ordered.
Instead: To confirm the diagnosis, the doctor ordered blood test.
The action (predicate) of the subject and subject is logically consistent.
- Because some Chinese and English expressions are different, translating Chinese directly into English will be different. A frequently quoted statement is "Price is cheap". Chinese can say the price is cheap, but English can only say that the price is high or low. Items can be said cheap or expensive. To write in English in the Chinese language, the actions of the subject and the subject appear logically inconsistent. When writing a sentence, pay attention to what the real subject of the action is. Here are some examples.
- The highest antibiotic production is obtained at H.
Not production but production yield.
Should be replaced by: the highest antibiotic production yield was obtained at + H. (highest antibiotic yield in 48 hours)
- The scavenging activity for hydroxyl radicals is based on Fenton reaction. (scavenging activity of hydroxyl radicals is based on the fentanyl reaction)
Not activity but assay of activity
Change to: The assay of scavenging activity for hydroxyl radicals is based on Fenton reaction. (Determination of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity based on the fentanyl reaction)
- The pharmacological compounds of ginseng were identified. (Identification of the pharmacological compounds of ginseng)
The drug active compound should be pharmacologically active compounds.
Change to: The pharmacologically active compounds of ginseng were identified. (Identification of the pharmaceutical active compounds of ginseng)
The pronoun and its agent's antecedent must be consistent
- The
- pronoun and its agent's antecedent should be in person, singular or plural, and gender consistent. Some common pronouns are: he, his (positive singular); she, her (negative singular); it, its (singular); they, their, these, those (plural); That, the this (singular). For example, in the following example, compounds and their are consistent, protein and it are consistent.
- Many related compounds were synthesized and their antivirus activities were studied.
Many related compounds were synthesized and their antiviral activity was studied.
Growth hormone is a protein. IT promotes human body growth.
Growth hormone is a protein. It promotes human growth.
- The following example should be replaced with their.
The potential antioxidant capacity of compound A and compound B could be deduced from the protective effects against Oxida tive stresses. The potential antioxidant capacity of the
compound A and compound B can be inferred from the protective effect of oxidative stress.
should be changed to: the potential antioxidant capacity of compound A and compound B could be deduced from their pro Tective effects against oxidative stresses.
- In addition to the use of pronouns in order to maintain consistency, but also to avoid the agency unclear situation, so as not to know what they mean to cause misunderstanding. usually there is a case of and in the preceding sentence, so that the meaning of the pronoun of the latter sentence is unknown .
- The crude sample is dissolved in water and extracted with organic solvent. It was then evaporated to yield the product.
Does It refer to organic layer or water layer? Not clear, preferably without it.
Should be replaced by: The crude sample is dissolved in water and extracted with organic solvent. The organic layer is then evaporated to yield the product.
- During meal Hormones is released after which blood flow increases in the stomach.
During the meal, the hormones are released, and then the blood flow in the stomach increases.
which can not only represent meal, but also can represent hormones, which is prone to misunderstanding.
Should be replaced by: During meal Hormones is released. After their release stomach blood flow increases.
Position of emphasis function
- In English writing, if you want to emphasize something, put it in front of the sentence. In Chinese writing, the sentence conditions, time and other modifiers are placed in front, and the main sentence is always put in the back. In the English language, you can put the condition or the modifier sentence in front, or you can put it in the back. In front of you, you have to emphasize the conditions of the modifier sentences. Like what:
- Before the hurricane arrived, most of the people has moved out.
- The most of the people has moved out before the hurricane arrived.
- In English, both positional relationships are possible. The former emphasizes that before Hurricane comes, the latter emphasizes moved out. In the Chinese language, there is only one argument, and conversely, "most people leave, before the hurricane Come" is wrong. It is often inaccurate to translate the positional relationship of Chinese into English. It's also weird to translate the position of English into Chinese as well.
- I went to elementary school to shout "I want to eat ice cream today, I haven't eaten for a long time", is English "I want ice cream." I have a direct translation of not eaten it for a long time. "
- In science and technology writing, the main sentence is usually written first, unless you want to emphasize the condition of the modification.
- Through scavenging free radicals, antioxidants play a important role in protecting against complex diseases.
Antioxidants play an important role in preventing complex diseases by eliminating free radicals.
It is advisable to change to: antioxidants play an important role in protecting against complex diseases through scavenging free radicals.
- In microbial fermentation, phosphorus is commonly the major growth-limiting nutrient.
In microbial fermentation, phosphorus is usually the main growth-limiting nutrient.
Should be replaced by: phosphorus is commonly the major growth-limiting nutrient in microbial fermentation.
- The executor (author) of the thing in the active sentence is put in front, which emphasizes the meaning of the executor (author) of the Thing, not the thing to study. Passive sentences emphasize the things to be researched, which is one of the reasons why passive sentences are used more in sci-tech papers.
- We studied their effects on cell growth. emphasize We.
Their effects on cell growth were studied. emphasize their effects.
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