Ubuntu Reference Manual

 

Ubuntu Reference Manual

 

Summary

• The Ubuntu reference manual is designedUsers running UbuntuProvides comprehensive guidance. The book provides a large numberShell-commandInstances, which cover all aspects of system management, including the following topics: basic concepts of ubuntu, system installation tips, UBUNTU software package management, Linux kernel in Ubuntu, system fine-tuning, Gateway creation, text editor, CVS, program design, orientationNon-developerEach topic includes the basic guide, practical skills, and other relevant information.

 

Copyright Notice

• The source of this reference manual is the Debian Chinese Reference Manual, which adopts the same copyright in accordance with its copyright statement.

  This document is copyrighted by the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 or later. The full copy of this document is allowed to be produced and published without complying with and including the copyright statement of this document. In addition, all these copies are protected by this license. The copy and release of the modified version based on the complete copy of this document are permitted and, to publish all work results obtained by modifying this document, the license statement consistent with the license statement in this document shall be used. If you comply with the copyright statement for the modified versions mentioned above, copying and publishing the translated versions of this document in other languages is permitted) the approved localized Translation follows the localized translation.

 

Directory

 

• Chapter 2-Preface
  • 1.1 Official documentation
  • 1.2 conventions
  • 1.3 script sample
  • 1.4 Basic settings
  • Basic concepts of 1.5 Ubuntu Distributions

• Chapter 2-Ubuntu Basics
  • 2.1 Ubuntu files
    • 2.1.1 directory structure
    • 2.1.2 Ubuntu release
    • 2.1.3 hoary release
    • 2.1.4 breezy release
    • 2.1.5 dapper release
    • 2.1.6 edgy release
    • 2.1.7 other Ubuntu Repositories
    • 2.1.8 used release code
    • 2.1.9 release code
    • 2.1.10 pool directory
    • 2.1.11 release source directory structure
    • 2.1.12 source code
  • 2.2 Ubuntu software package management system
    • 2.2.1 Ubuntu Software Package Overview
    • 2.2.2 Ubuntu package format
    • 2.2.3 Ubuntu Software Package naming conventions
    • 2.2.4 save local configuration
    • 2.2.5 Ubuntu maintenance script
    • 2.2.6 Software Package priority
    • 2.2.7 virtual Software Package
    • 2.2.8 software package dependency
    • 2.2.9 what is "pre-depends"
    • 2.2.10 package status
    • 2.2.11 prevent software package upgrades
    • 2.2.12 source code package
    • 2.2.13 compile the source code package
    • 2.2.14 create a Ubuntu package
  • 2.3 Ubuntu system upgrade
    • 2.3.1 dpkg
    • 2.3.2 Apt
    • 2.3.3 dselect
    • 2.3.4 non-stop system upgrade
    • 2.3.5 download and cache the. Deb File
    • 2.3.6 update records
  • 2.4 Ubuntu Boot Process
    • 2.4.1 INIT program
    • 2.4.2 running level
    • 2.4.3 custom running level
  • 2.5 diversity support
  • 2.6 Internationalization
  • 2.7 Ubuntu and System Kernel
    • 2.7.1 compile the kernel code of a non-Ubuntu source code package
    • 2.7.2 custom kernel creation tool
    • 2.7.3 multi-system boot
    • 2.7.4 boot floppy disk
    • 2.7.5 module loading rules
    • 2.7.6 uninstall the old Kernel

• Chapter 2-Ubuntu system installation prompt
  • 3.1 General Linux installation tips
    • 3.1.1 hardware compatibility
    • 3.1.2 determine PC hardware and chipset
    • 3.1.3 determine the PC hardware under Ubuntu
    • 3.1.4 determine the PC hardware under other operating systems
    • 3.1.5 lilo mythology
    • 3.1.6 grub
    • 3.1.7 select a boot floppy disk
    • 3.1.8 install the system
    • 3.1.9 host name and IP address required for the Network
    • 3.1.10 User Account
    • 3.1.11 create a file system
      • 3.1.11.1 hard disk partition
      • 3.1.11.2 mount the File System
      • 3.1.11.3 automatic mounting
      • 3.1.11.4 mount NFS
    • 3.1.12 DRAM Memory instruction
    • 3.1.13 swap space
  • 3.2 bash settings
  • 3.3 mouse settings
    • 3.3.1 PS/2 mouse
      • 3.3.1.1 using the ms3 Protocol
      • 3.3.1.2 raw Protocol
      • 3.3.1.3 how to set different mouse
    • 3.3.2 USB mouse
    • 3.3.3 touch screen (touchpad)
  • 3.4 NFS settings
  • 3.5 Samba settings
  • 3.6 printer settings
    • 3.6.1 LPR/lpd
    • 3.6.2 cups
  • 3.7 cron for desktop PC
  • 3.8 Other host installation tips
    • 3.8.1 install other software packages after initialization and Installation
    • 3.8.2 Module
    • 3.8.3 basic steps for CD-RW
    • 3.8.4 multi-memory and automatic power-off
    • 3.8.5 strange problems with Website access failure
    • 3.8.6 PPP dialing settings
    • 3.8.7 other configuration files in/etc/

• Chapter 2-Ubuntu Guide
  • 4.1 started
    • 4.1.1 log on to the command prompt with a Super User
    • 4.1.2 set the minimum novice Environment
    • 4.1.3 Add a user
    • 4.1.4 switch between different consoles
    • 4.1.5 how to disable a machine
    • 4.1.6 play time
  • 4.2 midnight Commander (MC)
    • 4.2.1 improve MC
    • 4.2.2 start MC
    • 4.2.3 File Manager in MC
    • 4.2.4 command line skills in MC
    • 4.2.5 editor in MC
    • 4.2.6 Mc Reader
    • 4.2.7 automatic start feature of MC
    • 4.2.8 FTP Virtual File System in MC
  • 4.3 Unix operating environment
    • 4.3.1 special key combinations
    • 4.3.2 basic Unix Commands
    • 4.3.3 Command Execution
    • 4.3.4 simple commands
    • 4.3.5 command execution and Environment Variables
    • 4.3.6 search path
    • 4.3.7 command line options
    • 4.3.8 shell wildcard
    • 4.3.9 Return Value
    • 4.3.10 typical command sequence
      • 4.3.10.1 command &
      • 4.3.10.2 command1 | command2
      • 4.3.10.3 command1; command2
      • 4.3.10.4 command1 & command2
      • 4.3.10.5 command1 | command2
      • 4.3.10.6 command> foo
      • 4.3.10.7 command> foo
      • 4.3.10.8 command> Foo 2> & 1
      • 4.3.10.9 command <foo
    • 4.3.11 command alias
  • 4.4 Unix-like Text Processing
    • 4.4.1 Regular Expression
    • 4.4.2 replacement expression
  • 4.5 UNIX file systems
    • 4.5.1 UNIX file Basics
    • 4.5.2 File System Concept in Ubuntu
    • 4.5.3 access permissions for files and directories
    • 4.5.4 Timestamp
    • 4.5.5 links
    • 4.5.6 named pipeline OS)
    • 4.5.7 socket
    • 4.5.8 Device Files
      • 4.5.8.1/dev/null, etc.
      • 4.5.8.2 device No.
    • 4.5.9/proc file system
  • 4.6 X Window System
    • 4.6.1 start the X Window System
    • 4.6.2 menu in window system x
    • 4.6.3 X Window System keyboard Sequence
  • 4.7 further study

• Chapter 2-upgrade the release to breezy, dapper, or edgy
  • 5.1 upgrade to hoary
  • 5.2 prepare for upgrade
  • 5.3 upgrade
    • 5.3.1 Use dselect
    • 5.3.2 use apt-Get

• Chapter 2-Ubuntu software package management
  • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.1.1 MAIN package management tools
    • 6.1.2 convenient tools
  • 6.2 Ubuntu software package management basics
    • 6.2.1 set Apt
    • 6.2.2 install tasks
    • 6.2.3 Aptitude
    • 6.2.4 dselect
    • 6.2.5 use apt to maintain the release version
    • 6.2.6 aptitude, Apt-Get and apt-Cache commands
  • 6.3 Ubuntu survival command
    • 6.3.1 check program errors for help
    • 6.3.2 apt upgrade error and Solution
    • 6.3.3 rescue with dpkg
    • 6.3.4 recover data in the selected state of the software package
    • 6.3.5 how to restore the system after var crash
    • 6.3.6 install software packages for systems that cannot be started
    • 6.3.7 what if the dpkg command fails?
  • 6.4 Ubuntu killer
    • 6.4.1 File Information
    • 6.4.2 software package information
    • 6.4.3 use apt for unattended installation
    • 6.4.4 reconfigure the installed software package
    • 6.4.5 Delete and clear software packages
    • 6.4.6 prevent the upgrade of the old software package
    • 6.4.7 breezy/dapper/edgy hybrid system
    • 6.4.8 Delete cache package files
    • 6.4.9 record/Copy System Configurations
    • 6.4.10 introduce software packages to the breezy System
    • 6.4.11 local software package file
    • 6.4.12 convert or install external Binary packages
    • 6.4.13 Automatic Installation command
    • 6.4.14 verify installed software packages
    • 6.4.15 optimize sources. List
  • 6.5 other Ubuntu features
    • 6.5.1 dpkg-Divert command
    • 6.5.2 equivs Software Package
    • 6.5.3 alternative command
    • 6.5.4 runlevel
    • 6.5.5 stop the Daemon Service

• Chapter 2-Linux kernel in Ubuntu
  • 7.1 kernel Compilation
    • 7.1.1 Ubuntu standard mode
    • 7.1.2 Classic Mode
    • 7.1.3 kernel header file
  • 7.2 modular 2.4 kernel
    • 7.2.1 PCMCIA
    • 7.2.2 SCSI
    • 7.2.3 network functions
    • 7.2.4 ext3 File System (> 2.4.17)
    • 7.2.5 support for RealTek RTL-8139 with version 2.4 kernel
    • 7.2.6 parallel port support
  • 7.3 adjust the kernel through the proc file system
    • 7.3.1 too many files are opened
    • 7.3.2 disk cache clearing time (Disk flush intervals)
    • 7.3.3 slow small memory old machine
  • 7.4 2.6 kernel and udev

• Chapter 2-Ubuntu tips
  • 8.1 start the system
    • 8.1.1 "I forgot the root password !" (1)
    • 8.1.2 "I forgot the root password !" (2)
    • 8.1.3 unable to start the system
    • 8.1.4 "I don't want to start directly to X !"
    • 8.1.5 other tips for starting a prompt
    • 8.1.6 set grub startup parameters
  • 8.2 activity records
    • 8.2.1 record shell activity
    • 8.2.2 record x activities
  • 8.3 copy and create sub-Directories
    • 8.3.1 basic commands for copying the entire subdirectory
    • 8.3.2 CP
    • 8.3.3 tar
    • 8.3.4 Pax
    • 8.3.5 cpio
    • 8.3.6 afio
  • 8.4 differential backup and Data Synchronization
    • 8.4.1 differential Backup Using rdiff
    • 8.4.2 use pdumpfs for daily backup
    • 8.4.3 regular differential backup using the RCS
  • 8.5 recovery from system freezing
    • 8.5.1 abort a process
    • 8.5.2 alt-sysrq
  • 8.6 remember these cute little commands
    • 8.6.1 Pager
    • 8.6.2 release memory
    • 8.6.3 set the time (BiOS)
    • 8.6.4 set the time (NTP)
      • 8.6.4.1 system setting time with permanent Internet connection
      • 8.6.4.2 occasionally set the system time for Internet connection
    • 8.6.5 how to disable screen saver
    • 8.6.6 search system management database
    • 8.6.7 disable sound (Bell)
    • 8.6.8 error messages on the console
    • 8.6.9 set the console type correctly
    • 8.6.10 restore the robustness of the console
    • 8.6.11 convert text files in DOS to Unix
    • 8.6.12 use recode to convert text files
    • 8.6.13 replacement of regular expressions
    • 8.6.14 use scripts to edit files
    • 8.6.15 extract the modified part of the source file and merge it into the update package.
    • 8.6.16 split large files
    • 8.6.17 extract data from a text table
    • 8.6.18 exquisite auxiliary script for pipeline commands
    • 8.6.19 loop the script fragments of each file
    • 8.6.20 short Perl script
    • 8.6.21 retrieve text or email list documents from the webpage
    • 8.6.22 print webpage
    • 8.6.23 print the Help Page
    • 8.6.24 merge two postscript or PDF files
    • 8.6.25 Command time consumption
    • 8.6.26 nice command
    • 8.6.27 schedule (Cron,)
    • 8.6.28 use screen to customize the Console
      • 8.6.28.1 Remote Access Solution
      • 8.6.28.2 typical screen commands
      • 8.6.28.3 return key and Ctrl-H in the screen session
      • 8.6.28.4 X program equivalent to screen
    • 8.6.29 network test Basics
    • 8.6.30 clear (flush) mails from the Local Buffer Pool
    • 8.6.31 Delete frozen mails from the Local Buffer Pool
    • 8.6.32 resend emails in mbox
    • 8.6.33 clear the File Content
    • 8.6.34 empty file
    • 8.6.35 chroot
      • 8.6.35.1 run Ubuntu of different versions with chroot
      • 8.6.35.2 set chroot Logon
      • 8.6.35.3 configure X under chroot
      • 8.6.35.4 use chroot to run other releases
      • 8.6.35.5 use chroot to compile the Software Package
    • 8.6.36 how to check hard links
    • 8.6.37 mount the image file on the hard disk
    • 8.6.38 samba
    • 8.6.39 operating tools for external file systems
  • 8.7 typical errors
    • 8.7.1 Rm-RF .*
    • 8.7.2 RM/etc/passwd

• Chapter 2-Ubuntu system fine-tuning
  • 9.1 initialize the system
    • 9.1.1 custom init script
    • 9.1.2 custom system logs
    • 9.1.3 hardware access Optimization
  • 9.2 restricting access)
    • 9.2.1 use Pam to control Logon
    • 9.2.2 "Why does the GNU su command not support the wheel group"
    • 9.2.3 purpose of each standard user group
    • 9.2.4 work more securely-sudo
    • 9.2.5 service access restrictions
    • 9.2.6 centralized authentication-LDAP
  • 9.3 Burner
    • 9.3.1 Overview
    • 9.3.2 Method 1: modules + lilo
    • 9.3.3 Method 2: Re-compile the kernel
    • 9.3.4 procedure
    • 9.3.5 CD image file (bootable CD)
    • 9.3.6 burn a cd (R, R/W ):
    • 9.3.7 prepare a CD image file
    • 9.3.8 Ubuntu installation disk image
    • 9.3.9 back up the system to the CD-R
    • 9.3.10 burn music CD to CD-R
    • 9.3.11 burn DVD-R, DVD-RW and DVD + RW
  • 9.4 x
    • 9.4.1 x Software Package
    • 9.4.2 X server hardware detection
    • 9.4.3 X Server
      • 9.4.3.1 configure X Server (version 4)
      • 9.4.3.2 configure X Server (version 3)
      • 9.4.3.3 manually configure X Server
    • 9.4.4 X client
    • 9.4.5 X session
      • 9.4.5.1 custom X sessions
      • 9.4.5.2 start X sessions for users
      • 9.4.5.3 configure KDE/gnome
    • 9.4.6 use X in TCP/IP
    • 9.4.7 connect to remote X Server-xhost
    • 9.4.8 connect to remote X Server-ssh
    • 9.4.9 X terminal Simulator-xterm
    • 9.4.10 x Resources
    • 9.4.11 x ing between the keyboard and pointer buttons
    • 9.4.12 x get root permission
    • 9.4.13 x TrueType font
    • Web browser in 9.4.14 x
    • 9.4.15 x email client (muas) on the graphic interface)
  • SSH 9.5
    • 9.5.1 SSH Basics
    • 9.5.2 Send Port SMTP/POP3 fine-tuning
    • 9.5.3 establish a connection with fewer passwords-RSA
    • 9.5.4 handling external SSH clients
    • 9.5.5 set ssh-agent
    • 9.5.6 SSH troubleshooting
  • 9.6 emails
    • 9.6.1 Email transmission proxy (MTAs)
      • 9.6.1.1 smarthost
      • 9.6.1.2 Basic settings of Exim
      • 9.6.1.3 set a container for collecting nonexistent email addresses under Exim
      • 9.6.1.4 set email Sending address rewriting under Exim
      • 9.6.1.5 set SMTP authentication in Exim
    • 9.6.2 receive email-fetchmail
    • 9.6.3 process email-procmail
    • 9.6.4 use crm114 to process Spam
    • 9.6.5 read the email-mutt
  • 9.7 Localization)
    • 9.7.1 localization Basics
      • 9.7.1.1 keyboard Localization
      • 9.7.1.2 data file Localization
      • 9.7.1.3 display Localization
      • 9.7.1.4 localization of information and documents
    • 9.7.2 locales
    • 9.7.3 introduction to locales
    • 9.7.4 support activation of locale
    • 9.7.5 activate a specific locale
    • 9.7.6 ISO 8601 Date Format
    • 9.7.7 us (ISO-8859-1) Example
    • 9.7.8 example of France (ISO-8859-15) with euro symbol
    • 9.7.9 multi-language X Window System example
    • 9.7.10 other X Input Methods
    • 9.7.11 X terminal Simulator
    • 9.7.12 X terminals supporting UTF-8
    • 9.7.13 an example of UTF-8 In the FB Console
    • 9.7.14 surpass locales
  • 9.8 multilingualization (m17n)

• Chapter 2-network settings
  • 10.1 IP network settings
  • 10.2 underlying network settings
    • 10.2.1 underlying network settings-ifconfig and route
    • 10.2.2 underlying network settings-IP
    • 10.2.3 set Wi-Fi Interface
    • 10.2.4 set the PPP Interface
      • 10.2.4.1 manually set pppd
      • 10.2.4.2 use pppconfig to set pppd
      • 10.2.4.3 use wvdial to set the PPP Interface
  • 10.3 naming host
    • 10.3.1 Host Name
    • 10.3.2 email name
  • 10.4 Domain Name Service (DNS)
    • 10.4.1 domain name parser
    • 10.4.2 managing Domain Name Server Information-resolvconf
    • 10.4.3 cached and queried domain names-nscd, dnsmasq, pdnsd, and bind9
    • 10.4.4 domain name resolution service-bind
  • 10.5 use DHCP to configure network interfaces
  • 10.6 Debian advanced network settings
    • 10.6.1 use ifupdown for advanced network settings
      • 10.6.1.1 set with a fixed IP address as an interface
      • 10.6.1.2 use DHCP configuration interface
      • 10.6.1.3 configure the Wi-Fi Interface
      • 10.6.1.4 set the PPP Interface
      • 10.6.1.5 set the pppoe Interface
      • 10.6.1.6 configure multiple Ethernet interfaces for the Gateway
      • 10.6.1.7 set virtual Interfaces
    • 10.6.2 use the logic interface definition of ifupdown for advanced network settings
    • 10.6.3 use ifupdown for automatic network settings
      • 10.6.3.1 use guessnet to select logical interfaces
    • 10.6.4 use laptop-net for automatic network settings
    • 10.6.5 use network-manager for automatic network settings
  • 10.7 process inconsistent kernel-to-interface naming
  • 10.8 triggering network settings
    • 10.8.1 triggering network settings
    • 10.8.2 triggering network settings
    • 10.8.3 use ifplugd to start (triggering) network settings
    • 10.8.4 use waproamd to start network settings
    • 10.8.5 network settings and PCMCIA
  • 10.9 multi-stage ing
  • 10.10 network service settings
  • 10.11 network troubleshooting
  • 10.12 create a route Gateway
    • 10.12.1 netfilter settings
      • 10.12.1.1 netfilter Basics
      • 10.12.1.2 netfilter table)
      • 10.12.1.3 netfilter target)
      • 10.12.1.4 netfilter command
      • 10.12.1.5 Network Address Translation
      • 10.12.1.6 redirect SMTP connection (kernel version 2.4)
    • 10.12.2 manage multiple network connections

• Chapter 2-Editor
  • 11.1 popular editors
  • 11.2 Emergency editor
  • 11.3 Emacs and VIM
    • 11.3.1 Vim prompt
    • 11.3.2 Emacs prompt
    • 11.3.3 open the editor
    • 11.3.4 editor command Summary (Emacs, VIM)
    • 11.3.5 Vim settings
    • 11.3.6 ctags
    • 11.3.7 convert the highlighted screen content to an HTML file
    • 11.3.8 use Vim to split the Screen Display

• Chapter 2-System Version Control
  • 12.1 parallel version System (CVS)
    • 12.1.1 install the CVS server
    • 12.1.2 CVS session example
      • 12.1.2.1 anonymous CVs (for download only)
      • 12.1.2.2 use a local CVS server
      • 12.1.2.3 use remote CVS pserver
      • 12.1.2.4 use remote CVS through SSH
      • 12.1.2.5 create a CVS file
      • 12.1.2.6 use CVS
      • 12.1.2.7 getting files from CVS
      • 12.1.2.8 managing CVS
    • 12.1.3 CVS FAQs and Solutions
      • 12.1.3.1 file permissions in the repository
      • 12.1.3.2 execution mark (execution bit)
    • 12.1.4 CVS command
  • 12.2 Subversion
    • 12.2.1 install the Subversion server
      • 12.2.1.1 create a repository
      • 12.2.1.2 configure apache2
    • 12.2.2 migrate the CVS Repository to subversion
    • 12.2.3 subversion usage example
      • 12.2.3.1 create a new subversion File
      • 12.2.3.2 Use Subversion

• Chapter 2-Programming
  • 13.1 Where to start
  • 13.2 Shell
    • 13.2.1 bash-GNU standard Interactive Shell
    • 13.2.2 POSIX Shells
    • 13.2.3 shell Parameters
    • 13.2.4 shell redirection
    • 13.2.5 shell conditional expression
    • 13.2.6 COMMAND LINE PROCESSING
  • 13.3 awk
  • 13.4 Perl
  • Python 13.5
  • 13.6 make