What is a schema?

The discussion of architecture is a series of columns written by Kevin Kay, a veteran architect, who will build on Kevin's architectural experience and discuss what architecture is, how to do it, how the software architecture is built, how to write programs, and so on. The purpose of the column is to be able to throw out some ideas and cause you to think, if you have feelings or a new feeling, welcome to contact the column leader Gary (Greenguolei) deep chat.
This article is the first of a ramble about architecture, and the author will use an analogy to describe what the architecture is and why it is created.
Origin
All along, in the software industry, for what is the architecture, there is a lot of controversy, everyone has their own understanding. Even when many architects talk about architecture, they start talking about application architectures, hardware architectures, data architectures, and so on. I have also looked for the definition of architecture, consulted a lot of people, the results found that there is no recognition of the definition of everyone. To apply a popular joke about big data, put it in the framework:
Architecture is like the teenage sex,everybody talks about It,nobody really knows what is it.
As a matter of fact, the architecture existed for many years before the invention of software, and the word was first followed by the building. Therefore, I think it is necessary to start from the source, the concept of architecture is discussed first, only in this way, the discussion of the software industry structure is meaningful.
What is a schema?
The architecture of English is architecture, and on Wikipedia, the architecture is defined as:
Architecture (Latin Architectura, from the Greek? Ρχιτ?κτωνarkhitekton "Architect", from? ρχι-"Chief" Andτ?κτων "builder ") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures.
From this definition, the architecture seems to be a process and not very clear. To get this straight, let's take a look at why the architecture is generated.
Why are schemas generated?
Imagine, in the earliest days, everyone was completely independent, clothing, food, housing, and so on all of their own, the whole human beings are independent individuals, not connected. In order to solve the problem of human continuity, naturally there are male and female social appearance, this time there has been a division of labor, men and women do things will have a certain division of labor, but the basic needs of people daily life has not changed, or necessities such as life.

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But once many people work together as the whole of survival, the strength is much stronger, so it also naturally formed the ethnic groups: some people farming is bad, some people make tools, some places suitable for the output of food, some places suitable for the production of cotton, etc., the natural formation of a person's grouping, geographical grouping. When the division of labor occurs, in fact everyone's productivity has been improved, because all the things that everyone is good at.
The productivity of the entire population and the ability to resist the environment have been enhanced. Why is it? Because each person's ability and time are limited, and because of human structure constraints, people at the same time can only concentrate on doing one thing, so forced to lead to the production of division of Labor. Since the division of labor occurred, originally by a person to do all the things necessary to survive, it became a lot of different roles of the role of cooperation to accomplish these things, these people must be together through certain mechanisms, so that each person to complete the necessary things to survive, which actually led to the transaction (the part of the deal is not here to unfold, Have the opportunity to discuss it again).
There is no architecture when everyone has to do all the necessities of life by themselves (and, of course, in a personal sense, only a limited amount of things can be done at the same time.) Once the division of labor, will be all things, cut into the different roles of the people to complete, and finally through the transaction, so that each individual has a life must product, and do not need each individual to do all the things, only need each individual to do their own good things, and have a certain ability to deal with.
This actually forms the structure of society. So how do you define the schema? Take this example as an example to divide a whole (all work that accomplishes human existence) into different parts (Division of labor), to accomplish these divisions by different roles, and to create a mechanism by which different parts communicate with each other, so that these parts can be organically integrated into one whole and complete all the activities required by this whole. This is the architecture. From the above example, we can also summarize the power generated by the architecture:
Work that must be performed by a person (without the need for human intervention, which means that no modifications are needed and no architecture is needed)
Each person's ability is limited (everyone has their own strengths, personal output is limited to the shortest board, and due to human structure constraints, but also focus on doing one thing, such as although there are two eyes, but can only focus on one thing at the same time, there are two hands, can not do different things at the same time. PS. Although there are a few people can draw the left hand draw round right hand frame, but is not universal phenomenon)
Each person's time is limited (in order to reduce the time investment, will inevitably lead to the decomposition of work, to the role of good at these tasks to complete, see 2, thereby shortening the time)
People have higher requirements for the target system (if satisfied with the status quo, there is no need for architecture)
The complexity of the target system allows a single person to complete the system, satisfying the conditions 2,3 (if the individual can complete the system improvement, also do not need other people to participate, there is no need for the structure of the involved, only craftsmen, and generally this work is not urgent to the time requirements. When skilled enough, there will be some architectural thinking, but consider more how to improve quality, improve personal time efficiency.
One might challenge saying that if a person breaks down a target system, such as building a house, purchasing materials, and building it himself, isn't it an architecture? This can happen if the time is not sensitive, but in this case it does not necessarily lead to the architecture. If there is enough self-awareness, and enough proficiency, it will also produce architectural thinking, because it is helpful to improve productivity, shorten the construction time and improve the quality of the house. In fact, architecture is the practice of accumulating these activities after a long period of time.
When these 5 conditions are set up at the same time, the architecture will be created. From this aspect, the architecture is the process of human development, from the Mengmengdongdong, passive to understand the world, become active to understand, and with higher efficiency to transform the world's methods. Here we take the building for example to strengthen the understanding.
At first, humans lived in caves and lived in trees, mainly to avoid the attacks of other beasts, and to reduce the changes in the natural environment to the challenges of human survival. In order to accomplish these goals, humans began to learn to use trees and leaves on the plains to establish facilities for isolating space, which was the beginning of construction. But complete isolation also has a lot of disadvantages, slowly produced windows and doors and other facilities.
The essence of architecture is to carve out an exclusive space from the natural environment, but still be able to communicate with the natural environment through the doors and windows. This time the architecture has started. To divide the space on the Earth, and to maintain the organic communication with earth and space through doors and windows, foundations, etc. When humans begin to learn to use fire, the hut inside will naturally be cut into two parts, one for cooking and one for life. When people's excretion slowly moved into the room, the toilet will slowly appear. This is the spatial segmentation within the building.
At this time, people's demand for the building is gradually more and more, the space of the segmentation will become a lot of kinds, the combination of the way there will be many kinds, such as the House of everyone living, social production of the religious nature of the house, collective activities of the House and so on. This time people began to consciously design the house, the architect slowly appeared. Everything is to meet the increasing demand of people, improve quality, reduce time, more efficient segmentation space, and let the space between the more organic communication. This is the structure of architecture and the evolution of architectural architecture.
To summarize, what is the architecture, namely:
According to the problem to be solved, the boundary of the target system is defined.
and the target system is segmented according to a principle. The principle of segmentation, in order to facilitate different roles, the segmentation of the part, parallel or serial work, generally parallel to reduce time.
and to the segmentation of these parts, set up a communication mechanism.
According to 3, these parts are able to be organically linked, merging and assembling into a whole, accomplishing all the work of the target system.
The same thinking can be carried out in other industries, such as enterprise architecture, national architecture, organizational structure, music architecture, color architecture, software architecture, etc. To apply kingdoms a sentence, a long time will be divided, long will be combined. Architecture actually refers to the people according to their own knowledge of the world, in order to solve a problem, actively, purposefully to identify problems, and to decompose, merge, solve the problem of practical activities. The output of the architecture is naturally the analysis of the problem and the solution to the problem: including the principle and rationale of the split, the principles and reasons for the merging, and the splitting, splitting of the various parts and the corresponding roles of the merger and the core competencies required.

What is a schema?