1, "an electron will pass through two slits at the same time." "
Electronic double-slit interference experiment has been nearly hundred years, its behind the microscopic world of physics has been well known, quantum mechanics has also undergone a variety of other experimental tests, the current expansion and application of it is endless. However, because ordinary people's so-called "intuitive understanding" of the deviation and physics itself on the interpretation of quantum mechanics of the controversy, so that it has been a mysterious layer of color, often with a layer of philosophical taste.
The early understanding of the electronic double-slit experiment was that it was a statistical result of a large number of particles, until humans had the ability to pass electrons or photons through each other. It was found that "single electron" can also produce interference fringes. When we put the instrument in the back of the gap and tried to "observe" where the electrons were passing through, the electronic interference fringes "mysteriously" disappeared.
The traditional Copenhagen interpretation that "measurement" itself will affect the observation system, before the observation, the electron wave function diffuse full space, reflecting "volatility", so there is interference effect; when we try to observe the electron "position", the electron wave function takes place the so-called "instantaneous collapse", is projected to a certain position space, embodies so-called "particle sex ", so there was no interference.
But this explanation is obviously not satisfactory. From "Intuitive understanding", this is simply "a bit absurd", as the "electron" without thought, how does it know that I am observing it? And then it reacts, what is called "collapse"? And it's "instantaneous". Go further to the bottom, whether the physical world is out of the "entity" we measure? Once the measurement itself will have an impact on the results, then we "know" or "see" the Physical world is completely "we" or "experimental equipment" and "The objective world" the result of the interaction, "physical reality" where?
Especially after more than 10 years of Marxist materialistic Xn, it is inconceivable that there is no "objective world" that is absent from "thinking", "observing" and "instrument". Of course, what I said before is "interpretation" of the results of the big open brain, and the theory of quantum mechanics and experiments are not much of a relationship. But this gives too many reasons to attack and condemn quantum mechanics, which is still the case now.
I would say that most physicists today do not argue about this issue. It is the theory that can be used to control the world's hidden parameters in Copenhagen. And quantum mechanics is such a wonderful thing, the theory is extremely correct, the experiment is extremely fine, the application is extremely extensive, but everyone has limited knowledge of its basic hypothesis or explanation, but the traditional explanation makes people feel "absurd". Think it's over? NoNoNo. I'll tell you something more "strange":
2, "far away to the endless entanglement." "
Okay, I'm going to update this romantic physics. The classic words of the big-talk West Tour: " The sword was only 0.01 centimeters from my throat, but after one-fourth pillars of incense, the mistress of the sword will be completely in love with me: There was a sincere feelings in front of me I did not cherish, and so I lost time only to regret, the most painful thing in the world is this, your sword in my throat stab down, not hesitate! If God can give me another chance, I will say to which girl three words: I love you, if you want to in this love plus a deadline, I hope is 10,000 years! "Actually, from a physical point of view, 0.01 centimeters of distance is still long, 10,000 years?" In the age of the universe, not even in the blink of an. But there are certain particles that, from the moment they are born, are doomed to be inseparable, to live forever, even if they fly to the boundaries of the universe and are always entangled.
This is the entangled state.
Entangled state is a god horse thing? Actually quite good understanding. Suppose there is a ground state at the origin where the spin is 0 particles, and at some point decay occurs, and two particles that spin 1 (either up or down) are fired. According to the quantum number conservation, since the total spin is 0, the spin direction of the two particles is definitely the opposite. None of this is a problem, and the problem of "entanglement" is not here. According to our "classic" understanding, these two particles are like left and right gloves, always matching, one left-handed another is one-handed, one right-hand then the other is left-handed (Einstein's understanding). But I want to say that this understanding is wrong. And the experiment proved to be wrong.
What do you mean? What's wrong with that? The analogy of these two particles to the left and right is meant to be "determined" from the moment of separation. What's wrong with that? Let me first say the understanding of these two particles in quantum mechanics: From decay onwards, the spin of these two particles is "indeterminate", they are a whole, indivisible, and only when we determine the spin direction of one of the particles by "measurement", the spin of another particle is "determined". That is to say, they seem to have an "invisible hand" connection, and this "invisible hand" unexpectedly is "super-distance" and "instantaneous".
Wait, some people will say, you say, but the explanation is different, it still sounds like the "certainty theory" of the glove, it seems that the two described things are not different ah. This classmate, you are very clever. If the single description from One Direction (one dimension), such as the z-direction of the example spin, the two descriptions are physically no different, but the latter one sounds more "absurd", what? Measurement? What the? Over-distance effect? What about the law of causality? Can't the speed of light go beyond? Where do you want to go?
But don't forget, the world is three-dimensional. Three-dimensional meaning, spin in the coordinate system is three dimensions. When we "determine" a particle spin, the direction we are looking at is just the "projection" of an axis in the real spin direction of a particle in a coordinate system, which means that we can only measure the spin of One Direction in X, Y, z three axes at a time. Then the problem comes. "Classical Understanding" and "Quantum mechanics understanding" will have obvious deviations in the experiment.
This deviation is also very simple to understand. If the world is "classic", the particles from the decay after the spin is "OK", then the "observation" itself will not have any effect on particle spin, we have to a series of "discrete" spin mode, and these "discrete" spin mode each probability plus is 1, the most critical point: These probabilities are independent of any observation angle. However, if the world is "quantum", the particles in the spin direction is not determined after the separation, the two from the creation of the non-separable, very strong correlation, only after the measurement, the wave function collapse, we can determine the spin direction of the two, and the different direction of measurement with the measurement method is related, Thus the correlations and probabilities are not linear (classical cases) but are continuous, and are related to the angle of observation.
Learning basic probability theory all know that if two systems are unable to exchange information, their relevance must meet some random probability limit, there is a certain "limit", if the two systems are related, then their correlation does not meet the random distribution of the correlation limit. In the case of entangled states, this limit is the bell inequality (the correlation of the spin determination in different directions needs to be satisfied): | Pxz-pzy|≤1+pxy.
For a detailed explanation of the bell inequalities, see one of the following: What is the problem with bell inequality? -One of the answers. The experiments on bell inequalities have far-reaching effects. This not only proves the mistake of Einstein's point of view, quantum mechanics is indeed "non-fixed domain", but also for the future of quantum-mechanical application laid a solid foundation. At present, many laboratories (including the work of Pan Jianwei academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences) have prepared multi-particle quantum entangled long-range quantum communication. But it should be explained that the entangled state and the "super Speed of Light", "information is not conserved" does not have much relation. In quantum communication, while another particle can "feel" the "information" of another particle on the earth at a distance, the exchange of information requires a "classic channel" to be used, in other words, the entangled state is only an "intermediate mathematical process", and the physical measurable measurement does not achieve "ultra-light transmission".
Many girls do not feel that if with a boyfriend or husband also have such "entanglement" very good, O (∩_∩) o haha ~ but I want to say is, the front two seems to be quantum mechanics in the microscopic peculiar effect, the most famous "most absurd" the most incredible, when the Schrodinger that only:
3, "Verdict Cat." "
About this cat, I can find a number of similar but essentially identical versions on the Internet, I will not repeat here. In fact, there is no real cat is "verdict", because Schrödinger proposed this "cat" is only to oppose the Copenhagen probability interpretation of an ideal experiment, Schrödinger believes that the quantum state evolution should follow the Schrodinger equation and state superposition principle, and can not occur because of the observation caused by "collapse." In fact, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, which is closely related to the Copenhagen interpretation, has some doubts about the "collapse" of quantum states caused by "observations", in order to avoid the paradox of quantum mechanics at the macroscopic scale, and to propose the corresponding principle, That is, the quantum physical behavior of large scale macroscopic systems should be approximate to classical behavior (and the result of fear of the cat).
Similar to the bell inequality, both are ideal experiments, but there are obvious differences between the two. The bell inequality is an ideal experiment in micro-scale, which later became a "real experiment", thus denying the theory of definite domain implicit variable, and "Schrödinger's cat" belongs to macroscopic experiment. It is very difficult to observe the quantum mechanics effect of macroscopic and even mesoscopic scale in experiment, because there is a very important conclusion in quantum mechanics, which is the backward coherence.
Specifically what is the backward coherence is a very complex physical problem, here is related to the micro-causal law, dispersion relations and other very mathematical things, it is not specifically said. As long as you know the fact that the superposition of the cat verdict State, even if it is prepared, it is subject to strong environmental constraints, such as the air in the box AH bacteria ah virus AH cat own movement AH even the Earth rotation and the most critical temperature, and so on, these environmental factors will occur so-called "disturbance", these "disturbances" In fact, before the "Open box observation", the "cat state" has been observed many times, under these "disturbances", "verdict" superposition state and interference terms will quickly decay with the time index to 0, leaving only two classic "wave packet": Either a dead cat, or a live cat. So in reality, before opening the box, the "Cat" life and death because of the withdrawal of relevance has long been decided, and not because the opening of the box "observation" and then "collapse." According to the basic principle of quantum mechanics, the velocity of "retreating coherence" is directly proportional to the scale of the observed object: the larger the body is, the faster it becomes coherent.
The last 20 years of experimental work, although not prepared such as the size of the cat scale quantum superposition state, but the realization of the mesoscopic scale, that is, a large number of atoms or electrons of the cat state. This scale for the quantum micro-scale is already a "macro", but the size of the "cat" is far from the scale, and the preparation of the superposition of the state is very fast because of the fade out of coherence. Although many of these "cat states" have been prepared, it is still unclear how the quantum superposition states "collapse" into a single quantum-eigen state. I do not know how to form such a special and deterministic macro-world under the odds of the microcosm.
Around this question, and the very early "God throws the dice?" "This kind of problem, physicists put forward a lot of new quantum mechanics interpretation, thus make this question more open: from the earliest years of the Copenhagen interpretation, to the current hot multi-world interpretation, as well as the The of the implicit parameter theory (non-fixed domain), and what is the comprehensive interpretation, relationship interpretation, objective collapse interpretation and so on." This is an area where the brain hole is open, although philosophy is becoming a field of "Hog Flow" in physics. However, since the mention of God, we do not yet know that God does not throw dice (different interpretations of the wave function and its motion equation of understanding is different), but we know another fact:
4, "God (unexpectedly) is left-handed." "
This draft was written in 2014 and has been updated to 2015 years ... To mention the left and right hand things will have to handle the sign of sex, in fact, the sign of the matter is not so difficult to understand. For example, in the case of the Earth, we define the direction from the south to the north as "axial", then the law of the Earth's rotation follows the law of the right hand, that is, the thumb direction is axial, the other four fingers in the direction of rotation. And if there is a "mirror" of the Earth, its rotation follows the law of the left hand. The rotation of the left and right hand is not dependent on the selection of the observing coordinate system, is the property of the "planet" itself, such as the earth can not suddenly from west to east from the east to the west of the rotation, it may be considered in some symmetry (macro translation and rotational symmetry) is "unchanged". This is called the "chiral nature". In the microscopic sphere, the "spin" of particles does not really look like the rotation of the Earth, but it is true that the particles can be divided into "left-handed" and "right-handed" in the same way as Lorentz. Of course, the relative, depends on the axial selection, but as long as the selection of an axial rule, the chiral characteristics of the particles will inevitably "fixed". In quantum field theory, a four-component γ_5 matrix can be decomposed into two two-component parts, each as a representation of the Lorentz group, if one of the two-component fields is defined as "left-handed" then the other is the "right hand".
According to the intuitive understanding, the "right hand" of the particles should be symmetrical, the left-hand particles are just the mirror of the particles, they should follow the same physical laws, this is called "chiral symmetry", and in the interaction of particles, is reflected in the so-called "Yu-called Conservation." However, this intuitive view is wrong, because it sounds absurd, but from the current experiments, God does have a bias.
Let's not talk about too complicated physics first. Even in other areas, the chiral characteristics are more obvious. such as the pharmaceutical sector. Many times it is necessary to distinguish between the different pharmacokinetics mechanisms of the left and right drugs, and if they are not the same, we need only one of them to be purified (otherwise it is possible that another mirror drug will eat the dead). In the chemical field is even more. Structurally speaking, a "left-handed" structure is just another "right-handed" structure of the mirror, according to the common sense does not appear large differences, but the law of nature is really not so.
We all know that Yang Ning and T.D. Lee won the Nobel Prize contribution is because "found that the universe is not conserved", but what is behind this? There was no standard Model of particle physics (and it could also be said that 李杨 contributed to it), and physicists believed that the natural (basic physical, non-chemical) right and left hands were symmetrical in terms of "common sense", and that the symmetry was also seen experimentally in QED (quantum electrodynamics) and strong interactions. The symmetry of the right and left hand is a mirror symmetry, the mirror symmetry in the mathematical language is Yu said, Yu said simple is a particle properties, particle wave function in some kind of inversion, such as charge (C), Space (P), Time (T) inversion of the fixed properties, if the wave function is unchanged, similar to even function, called even Yu, If the wave function is a minus sign, similar to the nature of odd functions, called Chiyu. The meaning of the conservation of the universe is that the particles are multiplied before and after the reaction (as with the parity of the function, odd * odd = even, odd * even = odd, even * even = even). Most of the scattering process (particle reaction process) experiments, it is found that the Yu-said is indeed conserved. But then people found the "two" particles: θ/τ, charge, Mass, other quantum numbers are the same, but the different, and people observe their way of the universe is their decay products: θ particles decay into 2 π meson and tau particle decay into three π meson. π meson is a pseudo-scalar particle, Yu is known as odd, so if the θ/τ is conserved, it should be two particles, one is Yu called even one is Yu called odd. But because all of their other properties are the same, people believe it should be the same particle. This is the famous θ/τ problem of the year.
Talk about here people do not feel very tall, on the right and left hand so simple things, unexpectedly linked to the work of the Nobel Prize, Haha, think oneself is not very stupid. However, it is important to note that in physics, the first one to come up with the following is completely different. In the same year people believed that the conservation and conservation of energy equal status under the premise (we do not see this to think that they can overthrow the law of Conservation of energy, which is completely different, I will mention), T.D. Lee and Yang Ning (afterwards they wrong a lot, We also no matter who first proposed the weak interaction in the process of the non-conservation, is the need for great courage and boldness. The complex physics inside does not say, simply say they think in the weak interaction process is not conserved, θ/τ is a particle (modern called K meson).
Until the standard model was established, there was a new view on symmetry and weak interaction. Physicists have found that the fundamental interactions of nature can be described by canonical symmetry (the possibility of gravitational inclusion is now unknown): The electromagnetic symmetry is U (1), the weak interaction is SU (2) _l, and the strong interaction is SU (3). What are these things, we can do without the tube, just sharp-eyed people will find that the weak interaction in the L is what mean? Why is it different from others?
This is going to go back to the pre-chiral nature. As mentioned earlier, a particle can be split into "left hand" and "right hand", the two can independently describe the particle behavior without destroying the Lorentz symmetry of time and space. By "Commonsense", the other physical symmetry of the two follows is "consistent", but "absurd" is the choice of nature is "left-handers": In the weak interaction, only the left hand fermions can be written as SU (2) "Two-state" form, is "symmetrical", and the right hand fermions can only be written in the form of a single, is "asymmetric" In "Taste space", the left-handed electrons and neutrinos can participate in the weak interaction, while the right hand electron does not have a "partner", because nature may not have at all (the current experiment and can be labeled, it may be very heavy we do not observe) right-handed neutrinos. What the? No right-handed neutrino? Yes. The symmetry of neutrinos, Ube and SU (2) is "The greatest destruction", and the right hand is not only asymmetrical, but also the part is "erased" directly. Right-hand asymmetry, follow the different norms of symmetry is the source of the previous L, but also θ/τ and weak role in the process of the source of damage.
But the conservation of the universe and the conservation of energy are different. In the QED (electromagnetic interaction) and QCD (strong interaction), the Yu-called conservation is more natural, because the transfer of interaction between the photon and the gum, the two particles are non-quality, in the case of large external energy, fermions can also be seen as non-quality. For the theory of no mass, the chiral symmetry can be kept to a maximum, so that the right hand is equivalent. In the weak interaction process, not only the weak power symmetry has spontaneous breaking (the residual symmetry after the break-up to form QED), the transmission of weak interaction vector particle quality, and the scattering process must consider the quality of the fee Yonago, a quality theory, its chiral nature is bound to be destroyed (quality item mψ_lψ_ R damage chiral symmetry). While all the normative symmetries mentioned above are internal symmetry, the internal symmetry can have different forms, and the symmetry of the inner is dependent on the internal symmetries, but they all must obey the "outer" space-time symmetry, and the conservation Law of energy is the result of space-time symmetry.
Now that the quality is mentioned, you might think of the so-called "God particle" that was found in the very hot LHC experiment a few years ago. Is it true that people call it the "source of the quality of everything"? In fact, most of the quality of nature is not from the Higgs boson, but:
5. "The mass of nature comes from the absence of mass (interaction of particles)"
The series is still to be finished, haha. Some time ago, Higgs particles are very hot, we call it "God particle" or "the source of quality", but in fact this statement is inaccurate. From the particle physics Standard Model, the Higgs boson is only the incidental product of the weak symmetric spontaneous breaking and scalar potential. Canonical symmetry and chiral symmetry requirements, the initial Lagrangian density function of the model can not take quality term. But we know in the actual observation that electrons, protons, neutrons and other particles are of the mass, and that a large number of other elementary or non-elementary particles are of mass, while the vector particles that transmit the weak interactions: and the particles are also of the same quality. Theoretically, according to the requirements of symmetry (scalar potential can only be written in the form of 4-component complex fields), renormalization (the self-coupling up to 4 times) and potential energy stability (self-coupling cannot have three), we can write the unique scalar potential form, similar to the potential energy term, found that the vacuum value of potential energy (the lowest point) is not mediocre (not 0 of the vacuum solution), so that the standard symmetry of the vacuum is not established, and the physical vacuum is only an infinite number of theoretical vacuum points, when a certain direction of the physical vacuum (, 0,0,0), weak power symmetry in the energy mark occurs spontaneously broken. By coupling the scalar field with the vector field and the particle field, we can obtain a quality theory without destroying the basic symmetry. In this case, there is a degree of freedom in the scalar field being left, which is the Higgs field with mass (). What is described above is the so-called Higgs mechanism.
Obviously, the Higgs mechanism gives the quality of all elementary particles and avoids the problem of symmetry and freedom in theory. In 2012, Higgs particles were found on the CMS and Atlas, and the quality was near 125GeV, which basically conformed to the forecast of the standard model. But wait. In high school chemistry, we know one thing, hydrogen atoms are made up of a proton and an electron, and the main mass is on the nucleus, the proton. Modern physical measurement, electronic mass 0.5MeV, and proton mass 938MeV, the difference is very large. And what is the proton made of? The standard model holds that the proton consists of two u quarks and a d quark, while the mass of the U and D quarks is around 5MeV. No, 5*3=15, what about most of the other masses of protons?
This goes back to the question of what quality is. We all know the famous mass-energy equation, what does it mean? We write in turn: In other words, energy is mass, where does energy come from? Interactions. Once the particles are interacting, they carry a certain amount of restraint, and if the particle is not "basic" or has a substructure, the interaction of the "elementary particles" it contains also contributes to the mass of the particle (according to special relativity, the mass of a particle can be regarded as the total energy carried by the particle). Just in general, such as gravitational forces, such as electromagnetic interactions, the particles themselves are much larger than their interactions, so the interaction is negligible when assessing the overall mass. But it's completely different inside the nucleus.
In the nucleus, the interaction between quarks is strong interaction, strong interaction has a very "deviation from the intuitive", and even understand a little "absurd" (to the point here), but is proved by countless experiments is the correct phenomenon, that is, progressive freedom. In general, such as gravitational and electromagnetic interaction, we all know that the law of gravitation and Coulomb's law, are inverse square law, that is, their interaction with the distance pull large gradually reduced, the closer the interaction between the greater. But strong interactions are not inverse square laws. Its effective potential is more complex, but according to the beta function, the interaction between quarks increases as their distance increases and decreases as the distance decreases. Within a certain distance (such as in the nucleus), because the interaction is too small, they can be seen as free. Some people will ask here, this is like a spring, the more stretched, the greater the distance they pull, they interact very big, not like the spring to pull back again? This is a good question, but the answer is different from the spring. The spring is rigid, but the quark is not. For example a pair of quarks, after pulling to a certain distance, because the interaction is too strong, they will pull a pair of positive and negative quarks or a bunch of positive quarks from the vacuum (attention to energy = mass, mass characterization of particles, the inverse of the other properties of the positive and negative quarks, so the physical quantity is conserved), and then the interaction is reduced, form a new bound state (can be seen as a spring break, become two springs, or a magnet broken, forming a new n, s pole but you will never get magnetic monopole). This is why we cannot observe the "Antiquarks".
Speaking of here still did not say "no quality" problem, said before what quark electron is not all have quality? Here we have to mention "glue". It is the photon that transmits the electromagnetic interaction, the gravitational force that transmits the gravitational interaction, they are all without mass. Of course, two electrons transmit photons, there will be interactions between the photons, two stars transfer the gravitational force, the gravitational sub-forces will also interact, but their interaction is too weak, it is impossible to pull a pair of positive or negative electrons from the vacuum or two positive and negative planets. In the nucleus, the transfer of strong interaction is the glue, the glue is also no quality, but with the reality of electromagnetic, gravitational interaction is different, the glue will have a strong interaction with the interaction of quarks, and from the vacuum pull a pair of positive and negative quarks.
So we see a proton image like this: protons have three quarks at first (they determine the entire proton charge and other quantum numbers, so called the "valence Quark"), and then quarks in the inside free to go, but to a certain distance, they interact with each other stronger, by the "glue" pull more and more tight, and then "bang" a sound, broken, A pair of positive and negative quarks (the total of these positive and negative quarks are equal, so they do not contribute any quantum numbers, called "quark"), interacting with the old quarks. If these positive and negative quarks go too close, they "miso" a sound, annihilation, into a pile of energy, if they go far, they will pull out a bunch of quarks. The key, the glue will interact with each other, "hit" Out a bunch of new quark, and then quark with the gum and their own entangled together, continue to occur interaction. All of this interaction and the energy generated are confined to a small space of the size of the proton, and nothing escapes (as mentioned earlier that the interaction will become stronger and will be pulled back or torn apart), but a torn pile of stuff will be intertwined with the rest of the proton and cannot escape. Gum Group "is similar to a lump of paste." As we observe, the mass of the protons is the sum of their interactions and masses.
According to the calculation, the interaction between quarks is much smaller than the interaction between the micelles. In the experiment, we use the proton collision, observe the impact process of these "valence quark", "quark" and "glue" contribution, found that the contribution of the micelles accounted for more than 70% (part of the molecular distribution function). That is to say, in the proton mass, most of them are made of glue paste. Neutrons are similar to protons. Most of the mass in the atom is a nuclear contribution, and the nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. Because the atomic electromagnetic effect is much weaker than the atom's own mass, the molecule is composed of atoms through electromagnetic action, then most of the mass in the molecule is derived from protons and neutrons. The proteins, fats, sugars, and DNA that make up our bodies are made up of molecules. Therefore, the material of all things and our own, most of the mass from the nucleus of the lump without quality paste.
"From scratch", the Chinese Traditional philosophy contains things, in fact, in science is also very reasonable. However, the wonders of nature are far from being so. We look up at the stars, the collision of particles, nurture life, mining minerals, manufacturing products, we recognize a lot of natural and cosmic mysteries, we even close to know the origin of the universe, the origin of life, the origin of quality, and with great ability and extremely fast speed to transform the earth we live, and is full of conquering the stars of the blazing ambition. But when it comes to quality, nature gives people bluntness because:
6, we can observe the physical world limit of the total material quality of the universe only less than 4%.
Cond.
What seems absurd, actually very scientific theory @ know, @ quantum mechanics
