What technologies should be mastered by PHP intermediate and advanced programmers?

Intermediate PHP Development Engineer

1.Linux

Be able to use shell scripts to do a lot of automated work, Awk/sed/perl is also very good, able to complete a lot of text processing and data statistics, etc., basically can install most of the non-special Linux programs (including various libraries, packages, third-party dependencies, etc., such as MongoDB /REDIS/SPHINX/LUNCENE/SVN and so on); Learn about basic Linux services, know how to view Linux performance metrics data, know basic Linux problem tracking, etc.

2. Nginx

In the first stage of the foundation, understand the complex nginx configuration, including multi-core configuration, events, proxy_pass,sendfile/tcp_* configuration, know the time-out and other related configuration and performance impact; I know nginx in addition to Web server, Also can assume proxy server, reverse static server and other configuration; know the basic Nginx configuration tuning; Know how to configure permissions, compile an nginx extension to nginx; know the basic nginx operating principle (Master/worker mechanism, epoll), Know why Nginx performance is better than Apache performance and other knowledge;

3. Mysql/mongodb

On the basis of the first stage, there are a number of tips on MySQL development, including regular SQL optimizations (group By/order By/rand Optimizations), and the ability to back up MySQL data in cold and hot, in addition to being able to build MySQL, and to know the impact innodb/ MyISAM Performance configuration options (such as key_buffer/query_cache/sort_buffer/innodb_buffer_pool_size/innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit, etc.), also known How many of these options are configured to fit; also know some special configuration options, such as know how to build MySQL master-slave synchronization environment, know the difference between binlog_format; know MySQL performance tracing, including Slow_log/explain, Knowledge of basic indexing and processing is also possible, and the principle of understanding basic MySQL architecture (server+ storage engine), knowing the basic Innodb/myisam index storage structure and different (clustered index, B-tree); know the basic INNODB transaction processing mechanism; understand the big Some of the MySQL exception handling scenarios (or know where to find the solution). Conditions allow, it is recommended to understand the NoSQL representative MongoDB database, by contrast with the MySQL differences, colleagues can safely use MongoDB in the appropriate application scenarios, know the basic PHP with MongoDB development.

4. redis/memcached

In most of the medium-sized system will be involved in the cache processing, so be sure to understand the basic cache; know the similarities and differences between Memcached and Redis and the application scenario, can install redis/memcached independently, understand some basic features and limitations of memcahed, such as the largest value values, know PHP with their use, Redis understand the basic work and use, understand the general data types, know what kind of scenarios to apply what type, understand Redis transactions and so on. Principle part, can understand the memory structure of memcached (slab mechanism), Redis understand the common data type underlying implementation of the storage structure (sds/linked list/skiplist/hashtable), and so on, by the way, know the Redis transaction, RDB, AoF and other mechanisms better

5. PHP

In addition to the first-stage capabilities, installation configuration is free to install PHP and various third-party extensions of the compiled installation configuration; Understand most of the configuration options and implications of PHP-FPM (such as Max_requests/max_children/request_terminate_ Timeout and the like to affect the performance of the configuration), know the difference between the mod_php/fastcgi, in PHP has been able to master a variety of basic technology, but also a variety of in-depth PHP, including a deep understanding of PHP object-oriented/spl/syntax aspects of special features such as reflection , in the framework has read at least one of the regular PHP MVC framework Code, know the basic PHP framework internal implementation mechanism and design ideas; in PHP development has been able to skillfully use the conventional design pattern to apply development (abstract Factory/SINGLETON/Observer/Command chain/policy/adapter and other modes) , it is recommended to develop your own PHP MVC framework to fully liberalize the development, allow yourself to understand the MVC pattern, and allow yourself to upgrade quickly in Business Project development, familiar with the various code optimization methods of PHP, familiar with most of the PHP security aspects of the solution; The mechanism of PHP execution (Zend Engine/extension Basic working mechanism)

6. System Design

Able to design most of the medium-sized system Web site architecture, database, basic PHP framework selection, performance testing and processing, etc. can be completed similar to: browser----CDN (SQUID)------cache-------database structure of the Web site design and development maintenance , can support millions of to tens of thousands of daily traffic basic website development and maintenance work;

Senior PHP Development Engineer

1. Linux

In addition to the second phase of the ability, under Linux in addition to the general operation and performance monitoring tracking, but also can use a lot of advanced complex commands to complete the work (watch/tcpdump/starce/ldd/ar, etc.); in Shell scripting, has been able to write more complex shell scripts (more than 500 lines) to assist in the completion of a lot of tasks including backup, automated processing, monitoring and other work of the shell, Awk/sed/perl and other applications such as fire pure green, able to manipulate the arbitrary control processing text statistical analysis of various complex formats of data , there is some understanding of the internal mechanism of Linux, the kernel module loading, startup error handling and so on have a basic processing, but also some other related things, such as NFS, Disk Management and so on;

2. Nginx

In the second stage of the foundation, has been able to operate the nginx very skilled, can be more in-depth operation of nginx, such as monitoring, performance optimization, complex problem processing and so on; looking at personal interests, more aspects can be considered to focus on the Nginx working principle part of the deep learning, Mainly in the reading source, such as the specific master/worker work mechanism, nginx internal event processing, memory management and so on, but also can learn the development of Nginx extension, you can customize some of your own private extensions, but also to nginx+lua a certain degree of understanding, To see if a better model can be combined, the requirement of this stage is an in-depth understanding of the nginx principle, which can be considered as an in-depth professional in the nginx direction.

3. Mysql/mongodb

In the second stage of the foundation, in the MySQL application, in addition to the previous basic SQL optimization, but also in the completion of a number of complex operations, such as the import and export of large quantities of data, a large number of online data change table structure or delete index fields and other high-risk operations; In addition to the installation configuration, have been able to deal with more complex MySQL problems, such as the tracing of various problems, master-Slave synchronization delay problem resolution, cross-room synchronization data scheme, MySQL high-availability architecture, etc. are involved in understanding; for MySQL application level, the core key technologies of MySQL are familiar, such as the transaction mechanism (Isolation level , locks, etc.), to trigger, partition and other technologies have a certain understanding and application; For MySQL performance, there are disk optimizations (SAS migration to SSD), Server optimizations (memory, server itself configuration), and other core performance tuning options in addition to the two phase (Innodb_log_buffer_ Size/back_log/table_open_cache/thread_cache_size/innodb_lock_wait_timeout, etc.), connection pooling software selection application, to show * (Show Status/show Profile) class operation statements have in-depth understanding, to complete most of the performance problem tracking; MySQL backup technology in-depth familiarity, including disaster recovery, deep understanding of Binlog, hot and cold backup, multi-IDC backup, etc. in the MySQL principle, there is more understanding, For example, the working mechanism of MySQL began to read some of the source code, such as the master-slave Synchronization (replication) technology source learning, or a storage engine (MYISAM/INNODB/TOKUDB) and so on the source learning understanding, if the conditions allow, you can refer to the CSV engine Develop your own simple storage engine to hold some data and enhance your understanding of MySQL; In this process, if you are interested, you can also consider going to DBA direction. MongoDB level, you can consider, for example, in the case of writing less read more and start to apply MongoDB online, or do some online data analysis processing operations, specific scenarios can follow the work, but the core is to better understand the Rmdbs and NoSQL different scenarios below the application, If the conditions or interests allow, you can begin to learn more about MongoDB's working mechanism.

4. redis/memcached

In the second stage of the foundation, can be more in-depth application and learning. Because memcached is not particularly complex, it is suggested that the source code can be read, especially the memory management part, to facilitate in-depth understanding; Redis section, you can do more complex data structure of the application (Zset to do the leaderboard sort operations/ Transaction processing is used to ensure atomicity in the use of the second-class scene application and other applications, and more involved in the AOF and other synchronization mechanisms of learning applications, design a highly available Redis application architecture and clusters; It is suggested that we can learn the source of Redis in depth and apply the knowledge accumulated in the second stage. Especially you can read about it, including core event management, memory management, internal core data structure, and so on. If interest permits, you can become a very professional user of Redis

5. PHP

As a basic core skill, we need more in-depth learning and application on the basis of the second stage. From the basic code application above, can solve the PHP development encountered 95% of the problem, understand most of the PHP skills, for most of the PHP framework can be quickly used in a day, and understand the pros and cons of various mainstream PHP framework, can quickly facilitate the development of the project to do technology selection, in the configuration, in addition to The general second stage of knowledge, will understand some of the more biased gate configuration options (PHP auto_prepend_file/auto_append_file), including the extension Some of the complex advanced configurations and principles (such as the Memcache.hash_strategy in the memcached extended configuration, the Apc.mmap_file_mask/apc.slam_defense/apc.file_ in the APC extended configuration Update_protection and so on), the working mechanism of PHP, including the PHP-FPM work mechanism (such as PHP-FPM under different configuration machine to open process number calculation and principle), Zend Engine has a basic familiarity (Vm/gc/stream processing) , read the basic PHP kernel source code (or read the related article), the most core data structure of PHP internal mechanism (basic type/array/object) implementation has the understanding, for the core Infrastructure (ZVAL/HASHTABLE/GC) have in-depth learning to understand , be able to carry out basic PHP extension development, understand some advanced knowledge of extended development (minit/rinit, etc.), familiar with PHP and Apache/nginx different communication interaction mode details (mod_php/fastcgi), in addition to developing PHP extensions, Consider learning to develop Zend extensions to understand PHP from a lower level.

6. C + +

On the basis of the second stage, we can have a more in-depth understanding of the C + + language, and can complete the development of small and medium-sized/C + + systems. In addition to the basic second-stage base C/d syntax and data structure, you can learn some special data structures (b-tree/rb-tree/ Skiplist/lsm-tree/trie-tree, etc.) convenient in the special work of the requirements, in the system programming, familiar with multi-process, multi-threaded programming, multi-process situation below to understand most of the communication between many processes, can flexibly choose the means of communication (shared memory/semaphore/pipeline, etc.); multi-line Process programming can solve the problem of lock conflict, and be able to do multi-thread program development debugging work, but also familiar with the network programming, understand the multi-process model/multithreaded model/asynchronous Network IO Model of the difference and selection, familiar with the different asynchronous network IO model principles and differences (select/poll/ EPOLL/IOCP, etc.), and familiar with the common asynchronous framework (Ace/ice/libev/libevent/libuv/boost.asio, etc.) and use, if leisure can also look at some of the domestic development of the library (such as Muduo); High concurrency Program Architecture (Leader-follow/master-worker, etc.), and understand most issues in the development of the most-C + + backend server (memory management, log printing, high concurrency, front-end communication Protocol, service monitoring), Know the various back-end services RPC communication problems (STRUCT/HTTP/THIRFT/PROTOBUF, etc.), can be more familiar with the use of GCC and GDB to develop compiled debugging procedures, online program core can be quickly traced after the tracking problem, General module development, can accumulate or develop some common tools or libraries (such as asynchronous network framework, log library, memory pool, thread pool, etc.), but whether the application should be cautious after development, save the pit to chase the bug;

7. Front End

In-depth understanding of the HTTP protocol (including the specific protocol code and the reasons behind the detailed protocol, such as 302 static file cache, 502 is the nginx behind the PHP hang); In addition to the front-end aspects of the various framework application integration capabilities, the front-end of the study if interested can be more in-depth, the manifestation is, You can develop some kind of jquery-like front-end framework yourself, or develop a rich text editor and more trivial test JavaScript skill;

8. Other areas of language learning

In the basic php/c/c++ language aspect has the fundamental accumulation, the suggestion in the current stage may try to learn the different programming language, sees the personal interest hobby, the script language can learn python/ruby and so on, the functional programming language may try Lisp/haskell/scala/ Erlang and the like, static language can try Java/golang, data statistical analysis can understand the R language, if you want to change perspective to do back-end business, you can try node. js and the previous mentioned with the Nginx combination of Nginx_lua and so on. Learning different languages is mainly about raising your horizons and solving the differences between the methods, such as understanding the process/thread, as well as the lightweight association, for example, under the cross-machine communication scenario, Erlang's solution is surprisingly simple, for example, if you do not want to choose C + +, there are similar efficient erlang/ Golang can be used, etc., mainly to enhance the field of vision.

9. Other Professional Direction learning

In this stage, in addition to the basic LNMP skills, will consider a number of other areas of knowledge learning, these are available, look at personal interests and long-term goal direction. At present, the situation can choose more areas, such as cloud computing (distributed storage, distributed computing, virtual machines, etc.), machine learning (data mining, pattern recognition, application to statistics, personalized recommendations), Natural language processing (Chinese word segmentation, etc.), search engine technology, graphic images, speech recognition and so on. In addition to these tall, there are many partial engineering aspects can be learned, such as high-performance systems, mobile development (Android/ios), computer security, embedded systems, hardware and other directions.

10. System Design

System design on the basis of the second stage, can apply the mastered experience and skills, design a more complex medium and large system, can solve most of the problems of complex systems on the line, complete similar browser-like CDN, load balancer, such as access layer, nginx+php-& Gt Business Cache--database--Complex backend RPC interaction (storage backend, logical backend, anti-cheat backend, external service)--more complex services for back-end Jiangzi, capable of supporting normal development and maintenance work for tens of millions of to hundreds of millions of traffic sites per day.

What technologies should be mastered by PHP intermediate and advanced programmers?