Cloud computing: A way to achieve conceptual computing

Cloud theory is a powerful tool for natural conversion between qualitative values of concepts and quantitative values of numbers.


based on cloud theory, this paper proposes a cloud computing method to realize concept calculation (also called simplified calculation). The cloud model and uncertain inference are summarized. The logic description of the calculation is given, the calculation process is abstracted into the inference process, the process of computing cloud is given by using the method of machine learning, and the calculation process of cloud is given by using the method of uncertain inference, and the system realization of cloud computing is simply expounded.


with the increasing popularity of the network, "networked storage" such services are increasingly popular, with a large number of users, the network services developers will not miss this big market. A few days ago, Microsoft launched the Windows Live SkyDrive, and has been fully tested on the Internet, although the capacity is only 500MB, but after all, is free, the number of people to use is very impressive. And Google is not ordinary, SkyDrive just debut on the launch of their own ultra-high-capacity network storage program, but the fees charged on the need for discussion. In addition, Apple developed. The Mac platform also aimed at the "networked storage" cake, ready to join the "war".


recently, ArsTechnica and other foreign major websites published an article called "Google, Microsoft and Apple building online storage havens:you win" articles, Caused by the enthusiastic discussion around the world, Microsoft, Google, Apple's "fans" in various major forums, strong support for their "camp", a time of smoke four, network storage three strong separation of the situation has become increasingly obvious.


Microsoft's SkyDrive walk is the pure free route, but does not rule out this is only the Microsoft company "the bait", after all, the sky still does not drop the pie. Google is directly linked to the dollar, to use my services, of course, and very welcome, but the size of the capacity is to be measured in dollars. Upgrades from 2.8GB to 2.8GB+6GB maybe we can all accept that, but 500 dollars to buy 250GB space is a bit extravagant, and only limited to Google's own service expansion is too small. Apple. The Mac platform already has networked storage services, but now the capacity has been upgraded from the very humble 1GB to 10GB, which is also 99 dollars. Mac platform to use the annual fee, the increase is not a fare increase is a good feeling.


Competition is bound to lead to price reduction and quality of service upgrade, I believe this is what we ordinary users want to see, and the era of comprehensive network storage will come, hope that from the "cloud storage" (Cloud computing) of the development of the network storage can bring us more surprises, Like the current IM instant messaging software that blooms.


to understand cloud computing in depth, need to grasp the following five aspects (article source-China Cloud Computing network www.cloudcomputing-china.cn)


(i) Principle:


Cloud Computing (Cloud Computing) is the development of distributed processing (distributed Computing), parallel processing (Parallel Computing) and Grid computing (grid Computing), or the business implementation of these computer science concepts.

The basic principle of
cloud computing is that enterprise data centers run more like the Internet by distributing computations across a large number of distributed computers, rather than on local computers or remote servers. This allows the enterprise to switch resources to the required applications and to access the computer and storage systems as needed.


This is a revolutionary move, for example, from an old single generator to a centralized power supply model. It means that computing power can also be used as a commodity circulation, like gas, water and electricity, easy to use, low-cost. The biggest difference is that it is transmitted over the Internet.

The blueprint for
cloud computing has come to pass: In the future, only a laptop or a mobile phone can be used to achieve everything we need, even a task like supercomputing. From this perspective, end users are the real owners of cloud computing.

The application of
cloud computing encompasses the idea of combining forces with each of these members.


(ii) "Cloud" era


Currently, PCs are still the core tool in our day-to-day life-we use PCs to process documents, store data, and share information with others via email or USB drive. If the PC hard drive is broken, we will be stranded because of data loss.


In the "Cloud computing" era, the cloud will do the work of storing and computing for us. "Cloud" is the computer group, each group includes hundreds of thousands of units, and even millions of computers. The benefit of the cloud is that the computer can be updated at any time to ensure that the cloud is immortal. Google has several such "clouds", and other IT giants, such as Microsoft, Yahoo and Amazon, have or are building such "clouds".


at that time, we only need a computer to be able to access the Internet, do not need to care about the storage or calculation of which "cloud", but once necessary, we can use any equipment, such as computers, mobile phones, to quickly calculate and find this information.　 We don't have to worry about losing data any more.


(iii) several major forms of cloud computing


1.SAAS (software as service)


This type of cloud computing passes the program to thousands of users through the browser. This, in the eyes of the user, eliminates the expense of server and software authorization, and from a vendor standpoint, it is sufficient to maintain a single program, which can reduce costs. Salesforce.com is by far the most famous company for such services. SaaS is more commonly used in human resource management procedures and ERP. Google apps and Zoho Office are similar services


2. Practical calculation (Utility Computing)


's idea was very early, but it was only recently that it was new in Amazon.com, Sun, IBM and other companies offering storage services and virtual servers. This cloud computing is the creation of a virtual datacenter for the IT industry that enables it to centralize memory, I/O devices, storage, and computing power as a virtual resource pool services for the entire network.


3. Network SERVICE


is closely associated with SaaS, and network service providers are able to provide APIs that allow developers to develop more internet-based applications rather than providing stand-alone programs.


4. Platform as service


Another SaaS, this form of cloud computing provides the development environment as a service. You can use the middleman's device to develop your own program and upload it to users via the Internet and its servers.


5.MSP (Management service provider)


One of the oldest applications of cloud computing. This application is more for the IT industry rather than end users, often used for mail virus scanning, program monitoring and so on.


6. Commercial Service Platform


SaaS and MSP Hybrid applications, which provide a platform for interaction between users and providers. For example, the user's personal expense management system can manage their expenses according to the user's setup and coordinate the various services they order.


7. Internet Integration


integrates companies that provide similar services on the Internet so that users can compare and select their service providers more easily.


(d) The New York Times: What does cloud computing mean?


cloud computing is becoming popular, Gartner senior analyst Benpring Evaluation: "It's become a popular word." "But the problem is that everyone seems to have a different understanding of cloud computing," he said. As a metaphor for the internet, "cloud" is easy to understand. But once associated with computing, its meaning expands and becomes blurred. Some analysts and companies have defined cloud computing only as an upgraded version of computing-basically the many virtual servers available on the Internet. Others have defined cloud computing more broadly, saying that everything consumers consume outside the firewall is in the cloud.


Cloud Computing is a concern that people need to find a way to increase the capacity and capacity of the Internet without adding new investments, new human resources and new software, given what the IT industry really needs. And cloud computing provides that possibility.


Today cloud computing is at a start-up stage, with large and small companies offering a wide range of cloud computing services, from software applications to networked storage to mail filtering. These companies are part of the infrastructure provider and the other is SaaS (software as a service) provider like Salesforce.com. The main achievement today is internet-based personal services, but the aggregation and consolidation of cloud computing is emerging.


(v) cheap "cloud" devices


as the cloud era arrives, almost all data, including applications, is stored in the cloud, and the terminal function degrades and will revolutionize the hardware and traditional software industries.


The future of the terminal, Google called "cloud" device. Its characteristic is must have a function complete browser, and install a simple operating system, including PCs, mobile phones, MP3, cars on the CD or even watch, "a boot, input username and password can be from the ' cloud ' end to get their applications, than in the terminal more simple. Lee explained. As storage and computing capabilities are in the cloud, the future storage capabilities and computing power of the cloud devices will be greatly weakened.


According to Lee's understanding, "cloud" equipment advantage is cheap, open environment and simple. It is understood that because the mobile phone operating system is not open, Google specifically for "cloud computing" designed an Android operating system. "Android is designed for the ' cloud era '. Lee said Android is a complete operating system with a full-featured browser, unlike other operating systems, Android is an open, "cloud" device that can be made available to users for free, making the phone cheaper.


According to Google's idea, "cloud computing," the advent of the internet era, almost all data and computing power to move to the network, so that cheap PCs, simple operating system as a choice, and the resulting hardware, software industry revolution has been opened.


in the PC era, you see a Moore's law that determines the speed of the hardware industry competition mode: Wintel architecture complements each other, you do a larger operating system, I do a faster CPU, and lead to the hard drive, the memory industry has been escalating. But Kai-Fu Lee believes that after the arrival of the "cloud Era", the value of this model has been unable to continue.


"In the internet age, our main activities are in the browser, the performance requirements of the PC is not too high, so the hardware industry needs a new model." "Kai-Fu Lee believes that in the" cloud Era ", a simple and open Linux operating system, not fast CPU, 256M memory, less than 10G hard drive, you can support the day-to-day applications, and mobile phones, car CD, MP3 and even watches ... Being able to surf the internet, open and cheap will be synonymous with "cloud" devices.


"A chip maker certainly wants the quickest and the most expensive, but on the desktop this is not a trend for future business." Lee said.

Three major effects of
cloud computing


　　


First, cloud computing will give the Internet greater meaning and change the way Internet companies operate. In the past, almost all applications were installed on the client or the local database, but in the future through cloud computing, more applications can be done in the way of Internet services. One of the pioneers of cloud computing, Google has even stressed that almost all software will be able to move to the internet in the future, replacing software with services. Of course, this view is too extreme, it is impossible for all applications to be completely through the network as storage and computing, but cloud computing as an application of the model will become more enterprises and individuals choice. Therefore, it is inevitable that Internet enterprises in the operation mode of the corresponding changes.


Secondly, cloud computing will extend the application of software and hardware and change the application mode of hardware and software products. There is a popular saying that the cloud is likened to a centralized power supply model, that is, customers no longer need to buy their own generators to generate electricity, as long as the power plant to buy electricity to use is enough. In other words, through cloud computing, users can get the application environment or application itself without having to buy new servers and deploy software. For users, hardware and software need not be deployed around their own products, but can become available, virtual a resource. Moreover, the software and hardware resources that can be utilized are not limited to the equipment and software within the enterprise, but can be extended through the network software and hardware resources.


Furthermore, the direction of development of IT products will change to accommodate both of these situations. For some time, we have seen industry giants launch their own cloud computing strategies to match this trend. Intel says future technology development will be closely related to applications in the cloud, with Intel designing servers and platforms changing in such a way that new content will be added to the technology development goals. IBM has made a heavy bet on cloud computing and named it "Blue Cloud", and IBM has deployed more than 200 research and development personnel to the business. Recently, foreign countries have been dedicated to the application of cloud computing equipment released, known as the cloud computing computer, its introduction is mainly aimed at those who need a PC, but only the use of the web and email, hope that the low price of the crowd, and more PC manufacturers are starting to plan this product.

The origin of
cloud computing


cloud computing is seen by its touts as a "revolutionary computing model" because it makes it possible for supercomputing capabilities to flow freely through the Internet. Enterprises and individual users no longer need to invest in expensive hardware acquisition costs, only the Internet to buy rental computing power, "your computer as an access, everything to the Internet bar."


"Only 640K of memory is enough for the user." Bill Gates said in 1989 about "the past and future of computer science." At that time, all the programs are very small, 100MB hard drive is almost endless. The internet is also being developed in laboratories, and hypertext protocols have just been proposed. Their wide application will begin in 6 years.


currently (2008), in the provision of installed services on the Web site can be retrieved such information, a common white-collar work required by the computer standard is: Low-end core dual-core/1GB memory/100GB hard disk, very soon, the mega-level of the hard drive will enter the home machine use range.


hardware configuration fast-moving, behind the rapid growth of data on the Internet-this is simply challenging the limits of human imagination, mass data as a concept was proposed when the units in GB. And now this is just a small site of data volume units. If one day, the data available on the Internet is 1000 times times or more now, what will our pc look like? What kind of shape will the hardware evolve to? or is it not necessary for a PC to have such a huge amount of data to compute?


Cloud computing gives another possibility.