Relying on major projects to promote China's hydropower equipment manufacturing level upgrade

The Three Gorges project give full play to the leading role of national major projects to technological innovation, adhere to the independent innovation to promote the overall technological level of China's hydropower industry, through the introduction, digestion and absorption, and innovation, in just 7 years or so, achieved a large number of independent intellectual property rights, achieved from the production of 320,000-kilowatt To 700,000-kilowatt units of a major breakthrough, so that China's hydroelectric equipment manufacturing industry across the gap with the foreign 30 years. The domestic Three Gorges unit has reached the international level, the self-developed 840MVA hydro-generator full air cooling technology has reached the international advanced level.　　"Three Gorges Model" with key projects to drive independent innovation, is a new symbol of domestic independent innovation. China Three Gorges Project Development Corporation party members, deputy general manager Cao Guangjing China Yangtze Gorges Project Development Corporation, Director of Technology and Environmental protection, Sun Zhiyu The project is of great scale, huge benefit, complicated technology and far-reaching impact.　　The Three Gorges Project is the world's largest hydro-junction, regardless of its scale of construction or technical difficulties are ranked in the forefront of the world. Science and Technology is the Forerunner and foundation of the whole Three Gorges project. The electromechanical equipment used in the Three Gorges project is related to the safe and reliable operation of the whole project and the realization of the comprehensive benefit, therefore, the parameters, performance, quality and reliability requirements of electromechanical equipment have been one of the key problems of the Three Gorges Project. The Three Gorges unit, whether in size, weight and technical parameters, have reached or exceeded the world level at that time, combined with the power station operating head variable amplitude, but also as the peak load adjustment tasks, heavy loads, high performance parameters, protection and monitoring of the high degree of automation, is the design, manufacture, installation, operation of the most difficult unit equipment. This brings a great problem to the design and selection of hydro-generating units, and also poses a great challenge to the safe and stable operation of the unit.　　At that time, the domestic large-scale hydro-electric generator set design and manufacture of the factory only for Harbin Motor Factory and Dongfang Motor Factory Two, the domestic similar type of turbine generator wheel diameter of the largest 8m, power of 320MW, and the Three Gorges turbine runner diameter is up to 10m, single capacity up to 700MW. Its design and manufacture of high difficulty, so that the world's leading hydro-generator manufacturers are also quite tricky. If only rely on self-reliance, based on domestic manufacturers, due to the lack of design, manufacture of large-scale hydroelectric units of the mature technology and experience, not only the Three Gorges project to take the project progress and quality of the risk, but also, domestic manufacturers are difficult to access the world's advanced technology, catch up with the trend of the world , if only rely on the procurement of world-class manufacturers of advanced equipment, although conducive to the Three Gorges project on schedule to put into production and achieve first-class quality objectives, but to spend a large number of foreign exchange, increase the cost of engineering, more importantly, will never get rid of foreign technology dependence. Therefore, in order to ensure the quality of the Three Gorges project to achieve first-class, but also lose no chance to support the national industry, the party Central Committee, the State Council decisive decision: The Three Gorges left Bank power station to carry out international procurement, "technology and trade integration, transfer of technologies, joint design, cooperative production" road,, take the road of combination of independent innovation and technology introduction, through the introduction of technology, digestion and absorption, independent innovation, and gradually realize the localization of the Three Gorges Project equipment. Technology introduction digestion and absorption of independent innovation as the principle of independent innovation, the introduction of national unified coordination technology in the Three Gorges project, our government has not only invested a huge amount of technology to introduce funds, but also set up the State Council Three Gorges Project Construction Committee and its offices-Three Gorges Office of the State Council, responsible for the Establish the main body of the operation of the corporate, set up Three Gorges Corporation. The Three Gorges Corporation is an autonomous and self-financing legal entity. It is not an executive conductor, but a project legal person, to the project planning, fund-raising, organization and construction, production operations, technical innovation, repayment of the whole process of management, effectively to the responsibility, rights and benefits of unity, is conducive to control the progress of the project, quality and investment. In the process of inviting tenders for the technology, our government bids the whole of the Left bank of the Three Gorges Project as the subject of tender, making the bidding contract a very large scale, attractive to any company, and taking the advanced technology as the bidding and the next right bank construction guide,　　Decisively rejected a group of rejected the transfer of technology enterprises bid, making our enterprises in the process of technology to occupy a favorable position, and finally made this technology introduced a successful. With huge market demand as chips, forcing international manufacturers to transfer core technology to open the door, the use of market competition mechanism, in the introduction of first-class electromechanical products at the same time the introduction of key technologies. The Three Gorges hydropower station capacity of 700,000-kilowatt, is the world's largest capacity, the largest diameter, the heaviest weight of the unit. At the same time, the total amount of 740 million U.S. dollars of the Three Gorges left Bank 14 hydro-generator unit one-time procurement contract is the world's largest hydroelectric unit procurement project, in the global hydroelectric industry at a low ebb, the multinational companies are undoubtedly very attractive. In June 1996, China's Three Gorges Corporation announced the purchase of 14 sets of 700,000-kilowatt hydro-generators at the left Bank power station. After the release of the news, it attracted the world-renowned manufacturers of hydroelectric equipment and multinational corporations, formed 6 tender competition, formed a fierce competition. Finally, Alstom and ABB (subsequently merged into Alstom Power Company) of the supply group, Norway Kwana (after the incorporation of GE hydropower) is responsible for hydraulic design, winning 8 units, with Harbin Electric Cooperation, Canada GE and Germany Kv Druitt, Siemens (VGS) United body won the bid 6 units, and the East Electric cooperation.　　Among them, the domestic two manufacturing enterprises subcontract share is greater than the contract price of 30%. The Three Gorges Corporation gives full play to the leading role of the owner's overall coordination, and takes the market as the guidance and sets up the platform of international competition. In the bidding documents of 14 units in the left bank, the Three Gorges Corporation has made clear that "three must be": bidders must jointly design and manufacture with Chinese manufacturing enterprises, and must transfer core technology to Chinese manufacturing enterprises and train Chinese technicians; the Chinese manufacturing Enterprise Subcontract share is not less than 25% of the contract price, the most of the 14 unitsThe latter 2 units must be made mainly by Chinese enterprises. To ensure that the core technology transfer is fully in place, the Three Gorges Corporation paid 1 6.35 million USD for technology transfer fee. Through the above measures, Harbin Motor Factory and Dongfang Electric Machinery Factory (hereinafter referred to as Harbin Electric and East Power) and other domestic enterprises to introduce the core technology completely, greatly improve the design and manufacturing capacity, in the Three Gorges Left Bank unit manufacturing of the actual share of more than 50%, after 4 units to Harbin Electric and East electric mainly manufacturing, After putting into operation, all the running indexes meet the design requirements.　　At the same time, the domestic enterprises through the introduction of technology to form an independent innovation capacity, for the independent design and manufacture of 700,000-kilowatt Super large hydro-generator sets laid the foundation. Through the introduction, digestion and absorption, and innovation, to achieve the focus on the construction of the Left bank of the Three Gorges, China's enterprises do not have this ability, are all to buy other people's things. But because we have this market, in with other countries to introduce technology, the introduction of equipment, more than a chip, to "market-changing technologies" can require them to carry out technology transfer and technical cooperation with Chinese enterprises, so that domestic manufacturers can participate in part of the supporting parts, in order to carry out advanced technology digestion and absorption and innovation.　　So, after the right bank, the situation has changed a lot, Chinese enterprises can participate in bidding independently, in many important technical parameters even more than foreign enterprises. Through the pursuit of localization, the Three Gorges project has realized the key span of domestic related technology. The localization of the three-Gorges unit is the localization of "tri-Self", that is, independent design, independent manufacture and independent intellectual property rights.　　In the scope and depth of the localization of electromechanical equipment in the Three Gorges Project, the Three Gorges unit from subcontract manufacturing to independent manufacturing, the increase in manufacturing share reflects the breadth of localization, from the wheel castings, volute steel plate and other key materials to the full import of domestic procurement, the gradual domestic procurement of raw materials, showing the depth of localization. In the manufacture of 14 units on the left bank of the Three Gorges Harbin Electric, TEPCO participated in all the key components of the subcontract manufacturing and each of the main manufacture of a unit, Shanghai Fu-yi Siemens (formerly Shanghai Sankq), Tianjin Alstom undertook part of the equipment manufacturing tasks, hydroelectric Eight Bureau to assume the hydraulic turbine buried parts manufacturing tasks. When the contract is signed, the domestic subcontracting share reaches 38.6%, the unit manufacturing process changes, the actual domestic subcontracting share exceeds 50%; in the production of 12 units in the right bank of the Three Gorges, Harbin Power, TEPCO and Alstom each undertook the task of designing and manufacturing 4 units. Tianjin Alstom participated in the manufacture of the key parts in Alstom contract, and the hydroelectric Power Bureau and Gezhouba Project undertook the manufacturing task of the turbine buried parts.　　Domestic contract share accounted for 2/3, domestic manufacturing share more than 70%; compared with the left bank, the right bank's domestic manufacturing share has been greatly improved, which fully reflects the broad scale of China's large-scale hydropower equipment. The high strength steel plate of the left bank of the Three Gorges is completely dependent on imported from Japan, through the positive efforts of domestic enterprises, Angang and Baosteel have developed the same performance of HIGH-STRENGTH steel plate adb610d, B610CF, the Three Gorges Right bank volute steel plate is completely supplied by Angang and Baosteel. Left Bank turbineThe casting of the runner basically relies on a handful of foreign castings imported from Korea, such as Doosan and France. To reduce the dependence of such important raw materials on foreign imports, the domestic machinery manufacturing industry from the left bank began the runner casting, at present, Angang, heavy, two, one heavy, Harbin power, sharing and other domestic enterprises have the capacity of mass production.　　Through national policy support and industry cooperation and mutual promotion, domestic enterprises from scientific research began to mass production, and gradually realized the core components of the key materials domestic manufacturing, showing the depth of China's large-scale equipment to promote localization. The degree of nationalization determines the bidding method of the unit; For example, the Three Gorges Corporation to the home dam, Creek Luo du international Bidding result is: 19 units by Harbin Power, East Electric domestic enterprise production, 7 by Tianjin Alstom, Shanghai Fu Iraq joint venture factory manufacturing. Because, to the home Dam, Xiluodu group tender, Harbin Electric Power, East electric power in the Three Gorges unit localization has achieved substantial results, Tianjin Alstom and Shanghai Fu-yi Siemens also through many large-scale hydroelectric project practice test, in its parent company's technical support with the 700MW-class unit design and manufacturing capacity. From all the international public bidding on the left bank of the Three Gorges, to 4 international public tenders to the right bank of the Three Gorges, and then to the domestic public bidding of the dam and Xiluodu, different bidding policies reflect different localization levels, and the improvement of localization has promoted the change of the tendering method. At the same time, the comparison test results show that the hydraulic design of each house is at the same high level in the Xiluodu and the home dam bidders. Through the practice of the localization results of the Three Gorges Project, Harbin Electric Power and TEPCO have complete independent design and manufacturing capability, and Tianjin Alstom and Shanghai Fuda Siemens need their parent company to provide technical support for the core technologies such as hydraulic design and electromagnetic design, and the domestic production of some core parts needs to be tested in practice.　　In the process of tendering to home dam and Xiluodu unit, we found that from the left bank of the Three Gorges to the right bank of the Three Gorges, and then to the home dam, Creek Luo du, each tender all bring the progress of technology: Regardless of hydraulic design, or in the promotion of all air-cooled generators, the selection of generator voltage levels, each step has become the industry's best witness of technological progress.　　Economic and social benefits the Three Gorges Project give full play to the leading role of national major projects to technological innovation, adhere to the independent innovation to promote the overall technical level of China's hydropower industry, through the Three Gorges Left Bank unit technology introduction, digestion, design level to achieve a leap. In the bidding process of the right bank hydropower station, the model test results of Harbin Electric Power and East electric Power and the foreign manufacturer stand on a platform, the efficiency and stability reach the international advanced level, and the hydraulic turbine design realizes the independent design and innovation breakthrough. In the generator, the full air cooling technology of generators has made a great breakthrough in the application of large capacity hydro-generators. Based on the introduction of technology, Harbin Electric Power has successfully developed the largest 840MVA full air cooled hydro-generator in the world, breaking through the original unit capacity of the total air cooling technologyLimits, it opens up the broad prospect of the application of the whole air cooling technology of the giant hydro-generator unit. In addition, the Three Gorges Right bank of the main transformer, GIS, excitation speed control system and computer monitoring system and other major equipment through the introduction of the left bank digestion and absorption, the domestic manufacturers of design and manufacturing capacity and technical level have promoted a high level, reached the international advanced levels. In the introduction of digestion and absorption at the same time, the manufacturers have their own intellectual property rights of the original innovation, such as the application of 700MW-class large hydro-generators evaporative cooling technology. In December 2008, in the Three Gorges project "Three Gorges hydropower station performance Review Meeting", has participated in the Three Gorges Electrical and mechanical equipment demonstration, scientific research, design, manufacture, installation, operation and other work of more than 40 experts review that the domestic Three Gorges unit in hydraulic design, electromagnetic design, cooling mode, Insulation technology has reached the same international level, the overall performance of the Three Gorges Right bank power station is superior to the left Bank power station unit.　　Harbin Electric Power independently developed the world's largest single capacity 840MVA hydro-generator full air cooling technology reached the international advanced level. The analysis and revelation of "Three Gorges Mode" is a new symbol of domestic independent innovation to drive independent innovation with key projects.　　The successful implementation of the "Three Gorges Model" brings us a beneficial revelation: The national will is needed to promote the ability of independent innovation by Major projects. In the process of inviting tenders for the technology, it is our government's bidding for the whole of the Left bank of the Three Gorges Project as the tender object, which makes the amount of the bidding contract huge and becomes an important bargaining chip. Independent innovation is not only the needs of the development of the enterprise itself, but also the requirement of improving the whole national science and technology level and the overall national strength, which is the important social responsibility of the enterprise. Therefore, the State should give the necessary guidance and support to the enterprise's independent innovation. In the early stage of the construction of the Three Gorges Project, China does not have the capacity to produce 700,000-kilowatt super large hydro-generators, and the state has put forward the policy of "integration of technology and trade, transfer of technologies, joint design and cooperative production" from the global and long-term considerations.　　It is this important decision that has laid the foundation for the introduction of the Three Gorges unit into digestion and absorption, and has strengthened the confidence and determination of the domestic enterprises to innovate and rank among the world-class, thus promoting the development of our national manufacturing industry.　　The implementation of the model requires the availability and full use of international and domestic conditions. One trend of international hydropower development is that large hydroelectric facilities are the fastest growing in Asia, while in North America there has been little development in recent years and a downward trend in the 21st century. For example, the development rate of hydropower in North America has reached 80%~90%, so there can be no significant growth and the cost of redevelopment is too great. China's current hydropower development rate is only more than 20%, and has a good growth space. Therefore, China's hydropower development project for the international large companies have a great temptation.　　The successful implementation of the Three Gorges Innovation model is to make full use of favorable domestic and international conditions, and to grasp the opportunity of innovation through cooperation.　　The domestic must have certain technology accumulation in advance. The state's independent research and development of the Three Gorges ProjectLong-term support and technology accumulation, for the introduction of the digestion and absorption of innovation has laid a solid foundation. Prior to the commencement of the Three Gorges Project, relevant departments have formulated practical support and encouragement policies and measures around the localization of electromechanical equipment and the support policies for national industries. The Three Gorges project of major equipment research projects, including "65" to "XV" 5 consecutive countries "five years" plan, China's relevant research institutions, institutions and mechanical and electrical equipment manufacturers to do a full preparation. From the 1983 feasibility review to the national formal approval of the Three Gorges project started in the more than 10-year demonstration, the Three Gorges project of major equipment in the preliminary research has not stopped. When the Three Gorges project was demonstrated in the 80 's, the Office of the leading group of the major equipment of the State Council will put the electrical and mechanical equipment of the Three Gorges project into the national major technical equipment development project, organize major manufacturing plants, design institutes, universities and scientific research institutes to carry out scientific and technological tackling. It has established the research of hydraulic design and model test of hydro-turbine with high head hydraulic test-bed, established 1 000 ton stage, 3 000 ton class thrust bearing test-bed, carried out the calculation and experiment research of 6 000 ton thrust bearing, summed up the experience of domestic design and manufacture large hydro-electric unit　　, cooperated with the design department and the demonstration team, proposed the parameter scheme of the hydroelectric turbine and hydro-generator in the Three Gorges project; in the manufacturing capacity, the State through the technical transformation Plan, invested nearly 800 million yuan, to support the Harbin Electric and Tepco for technical transformation, based on domestic independent design and manufacture of a large number of　　Need to take the enterprise as the main body, establishes the research and research cooperation platform. Independent innovation must play the main role of enterprise. The independent innovation only insists on taking the enterprise as the main body, can obtain the actual effect in market-oriented and application-oriented. The construction of the Three Gorges Project effectively utilizes the market means to play the leading and coordinating role of the owners, and the parties have established a team of scientific research, design and manufacture, and formed a joint innovation mechanism, concentrating on the major technological breakthroughs in some key areas. A large number of enterprises to participate in the construction of the Three Gorges project to enhance the capacity of independent innovation. At the same time, independent innovation should create a platform of extensive cooperation, make full use of all kinds of technical resources at home and abroad, and upgrade our enterprises ' independent innovation ability faster at higher starting point. In the construction of the Three Gorges Project, we have launched a wide range of international technical exchanges and cooperation, the introduction of world-class construction machinery and mechanical and electrical equipment, learning from the world's most advanced construction technology and management experience, employing world-class experts to carry out engineering consulting, so that the Three Gorges project into a global all-round open project, To represent the world's highest level of construction of hydropower projects.