The historical coordinates of cloud computing

The rise of cloud computing is undoubtedly one of the most exciting events in the history of the Internet. So, cloud computing in the Internet and information society in the course of the development of what position? This article will analyze this.

Looking back on the history of Internet development and looking forward to the future of the Internet, we can divide it into the following stages.

1. The first generation of internet

In the 1969, in order to be able to secure communications during nuclear war, the US Department of Defense launched a computer network ARPANET capable of resisting nuclear attack. ARPANET is based on packet switching technology, the first to connect four universities in the United States.

Since the late 1970s, PC has arisen, a variety of computer networks came into being, such as Milnet, USENET, Bitnet and Csnet. Thus, the requirement of interconnection between different networks is generated, which leads to the birth of TCP/IP protocol. ARPANET started using IP protocols in 1982.

In 1986, the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the establishment of a backbone based on TCP/IP nsfnet, connecting the main research institutions, the first generation of the Internet was born.

This stage only a very small number of computers to achieve mutual connectivity, can be data communication, but can support the application of the poor, play a small role. However, the significance of the first generation of internet can not be belittled, it makes the early stage of human society, we call it "information Society 0.1".

2. Second-generation Internet

1989, Tim Berners proposed the World Wide Web (WWW) vision. He invented hypertext, using hyperlinks to link pages on different servers, making it easy for people to access interconnected information and free the world of his inventions. The advent of www promoted the exponential growth of internet users. From 1995 to 2002, the average number of Internet users doubled every six months.

2003 years later, the Web 1.0 model of WWW from simply browsing HTML Web pages through browsers evolved to a Web 2.0 phase that facilitates a large number of users to participate in Internet content weaving. New applications have emerged, such as blogs, social networks (SNS), Wikipedia (wiki), content aggregation (RSS), mashup programming (mashups), and so on.

In the 20, WWW revolutionized global information exchange and communication, changed the business model, changed the way of human life, changed the acquisition and formation of knowledge, and created many great companies, such as Google, EBay, Amazon, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba and so on. At this stage, let's call it "information Society 1.0".

3. Third generation Internet

The call for the third generation of the internet came from the late 90, when new technologies, such as grid technology, Web Services and IPv6, were emerging, giving people the hope of integrating all the information resources on the Web. However, more than 10 years of development proved that people were too optimistic. The integration of network resources, in addition to the technical barriers (such as interoperability technology standards system, information security and other issues), there are many non-technical factors (such as policy factors, business model, conflict of interest issues).

However, the high integration of information systems will come sooner or later. Cloud computing technology suddenly emerged from the 3rd quarter of 2007 and quickly formed a profit model, formally opening up the veil of the third generation Internet. Seemingly suddenly, in fact, inevitable by chance-cloud computing is just one of the first breakthroughs in many next-generation Internet technologies.

We believe that the third generation of Internet will realize the cooperation between information nodes, realize the interoperability between information systems, and realize the integration of message platform, thus forming a compact Planet. The third generation of Internet is based on ubiquitous broadband network, Internet 2 and NGN will be integrated, Wifi, 3G, LTE and other popularization will lead to terminal generalization, universal access. Laptops, netbooks, mobile phones, PDAs, cameras, sensors, RFID, televisions, refrigerators, cars, etc., will be connected to the Internet, so that almost every object, everyone is part of the Internet. The third generation of Internet information will be in the form of rich media (Richmedia). It is the organic integration of multiple media produced by various ways, which supports the dynamic participation and collaboration of the non specific people, and can be adaptively presented in various terminals and various application systems. All human information will move towards orderly management. The ultimate goal of a representative Google company is to manage all the information in the world.

During the first generation of internet, the network was unable to compete with the traditional information communication industry, and the traditional industries (such as telecommunications, television, news, publishing, advertising, etc.) dominated. During the second generation of Internet, the network improved the efficiency of the traditional industry and began to compete with the traditional information communication industry. The first digital publication more than the traditional publishing, Reader's Digest bankruptcy almost all human behavior will be associated with the network, more than 90% of the physical ability and behavior will be reflected in the network, people in the network to carry out business operations, video surveillance, E-commerce, financial services, communications and so on.

The first two generations of the Internet technology revolution were led by the United States, the third generation of Internet was also born in the United States. The reason is that its scientific and technological innovation model and venture capital operation mode is an important factor. However, we believe that the third generation of internet will eventually be led by China. The main reason is: China has unmatched market size, there is unparalleled decision-making and implementation efficiency (such as the free market control capacity, etc.). At present, China's science and technology innovation system has been preliminarily formed, the independent research and development ability promotes rapidly, is in turn in the Informationization degree more and more high industry obtains the superiority: from the manufacturing (steel, steamer, container, heavy machinery and so on), to the precision manufacturing (automobile, high speed train, airplane, electronic product and so on), to the information, Services (E-commerce, software, etc.). According to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) published 2008 International patent Application Status, Huawei Company application number ranked top. Haier refrigerators have ranked first in global market share, according to a survey published by Euromonitor, the world's leading consumer market research institute, in December 2009. Huawei and ZTE ranked third and fifth in the global market for mobile devices, according to the statistics published by Dell ' Oro in May 2009. China's E-commerce transactions in the annual rate of more than 70% of the speed of continuous growth, 2010 will reach 15 trillion yuan, Alibaba has been in the field of business to maintain international leadership. Recently we have seen China's high-speed rail technology has begun to lead the world, we will see China will lead in more High-tech areas, including mobile broadband, cloud computing, IPV6, IoT, large aircraft and other fields.

The third generation of internet era, we call it "information Society 2.0".

4. Comparison of three generations of internet

In table 1, we compare the three generations of internet horizontally.