Tianjin Daqiuzhuang 60 years of rich and poor change the unfinished village reform

Tianjin Daqiuzhuang in June 2009, the sunset in the Daqiuzhuang, the straight Yingbin Road will be the resort's villas and large industrial park separate.　　Looking back to Daqiuzhuang 60, from the Daqiuzhuang to the rich and the rich and the poor, after the ups and downs of the Chinese rural reform has undoubtedly become a typical specimen.　　A village is so closely connected with a character that, 10 years after his death, his name is again remembered by the villagers, the Daqiuzhuang and Yishumin of Tianjin. In June 2009, the reporter in Daqiuzhuang interview, just in time to catch the local Shun Street Village committee general election, and one of the candidates Liujin will be the year that led to Yu Tomin prison a key figure.　　1990, Yishumin was identified as Daqiuzhuang Furniture Factory deputy director of the Liujin will molest his niece, so Liu family held, beaten, Liujin father Liu Yutian was beaten to death, Liu Jinhua forced to go far away.　　August 27, 1993, Yishumin for "Liu Yutian case" and another homicide ——— "dangerous Fu case" was sentenced to 20 years, October 3, 1999, Yishumin died. 10 years after the death of Yu Tomin, Liujin will return to his hometown to run for election, his commitment to shun street villagers include: investigation of the industrial land of Shun Street, for many years do not pay, to be collected in accordance with the law, all to the villagers; Liu Jinhua admits he has decided to go back to the "sad" Daqiuzhuang to stand for his own interests.　　But some villagers do not understand, think he for "revenge" and come.　　Many Daqiuzhuang people still believe: Daqiuzhuang can have today, still can not forget the death of the 10 years of Yishumin.　　"Left will be poor, poor will be left" although the villagers are grateful to Yishumin, but in the present Daqiuzhuang, Yishumin left traces are very rare, one of the more conspicuous, is located in the Daqiuzhuang of the south side of Hong Kong Street Jiu Longbi. Jiu Longbi back, a few more than 400 words of the "Daqiuzhuang change", about this was founded in the Ming Dynasty Yongle two years (1404) of the small village, how from the former "to the poor world", transformed into "China's first village" renowned at home and abroad.　　The author of "Change Mind" is the Yishumin that leads this change. Today, in the fields of Daqiuzhuang, the reporter can no longer find the "spring of whiteness, autumn watery" scene.　　Only the salty taste of the tap water is reminding people that it used to be a saline-alkali land. Due to the Bohai sea, low-lying terrain, saline land, so that Daqiuzhuang fell "Huagen." December 20, 1948, with 275 households, 1650 people daqiuzhuang ushered in liberation. At this time Daqiuzhuang later the leader Yishumin just 18 years old.　　However, in the last 30 years, this is still poor and dilapidated: road potholes, housing exclusively is Adobe House, no bricks and tiles. After Mutual, Yeparine, advanced Cooperatives, 1958, Daqiuzhuang established a people's commune. This year, the 28-year-old Yishumin joined the party, when he was only daqiuzhuang to belong to the group ParkWA people's commune of an accountant.　　1961, for the Daqiuzhuang "Five Winds" (Fucqua, Communist wind, production backseat wind, forced order wind and cadre specialization style) prevail, Yishumin Blunt, those unrealistic move is to take Xuhuo, drum virtual strength, boasted, do stupid poor aggressive, was the revolutionary masses after six months, sent to the 11th production team when members. Historical records, in the "difficult period of three years", Daqiuzhuang per person per day rations only 32, some of the production team each day only a few money rations, people have no food to eat, only to squeeze grass, leaves, straw, and rice bran, sunflower plates, sorghum caps, vegetables, weeds hunger. The whole village is generally puffy and gaunt, with a population death rate reaching 3%. The village was dead, but even the people who had beaten the graves could not find it. Brigade had to set a rule, who dozen graves to subsidize 2 kg of carrots. Villagers Li Chang unbearable hunger, with his wife and children forced to leave Daqiuzhuang, to the northeast Forest farm when workers.　　1966 he returned a trip to Daqiuzhuang, "The village eats is still red sorghum, still inferior to eat cornmeal in the Northeast", Li Changgong again leave native land. In the era of "class struggle", the poor Daqiuzhuang shouted "better to be poor average, not rich conspicuous" slogan. The production team overcharged, also can not be more points, who more points will be buckle on a "incentives, the light eat net" hat. Tianjin Jinghai County expert Wang Jingmo in "The History of Daqiuzhuang" summed up in the 1958-1976 of the 18 years of Daqiuzhuang: in agricultural production has a greater development, collective economic income and membership life is still in a state of stagnation.　　The reason is that the implementation of a bar left and real right line, into the "left will be poor, poor will be left" in the vicious circle. In the early 70, the "Agricultural School" of the spirit of infection, when on the Daqiuzhuang Party branch secretary of the Yishumin, led the Village people to Turin and shovel for the tool to transform saline-alkali, dry three years, 7,000 acres of uneven table, all into "a field of channels into a network, bushes into a clump of trees row",　　　　Grain output from the original yield Bai kg suddenly jumped to five hundred or six hundred kg, and even repaired 7 than the Beijing-Tianjin Highway is also a straight road, and dozens of can take the carriage and tractor trails. In fact, the first village is a large company to reform the saline-alkali land, let Li Chang in 1978 with dependents back to Daqiuzhuang, almost recognize this is their hometown. He came back only because of Yu as a note in the letter: "Everyone is not hungry now." After "The Cultural Revolution", people's minds changed. The idea of "being poor and proud and being ashamed of being rich" is abandoned. In 1977, Daqiuzhuang held the party branch secretary election, some villagers proposed "who can lead the brigade to become rich, who when the secretary", so that Yishumin face challenges. He promised the members: three years to take off the poor hat. If not, they automatically step down.　　To this end, Yishumin successfully re-elected. This only read a few years private private farmers clear, Daqiuzhuang to get rich, only by farming certainly not. Prior to more than 10 years, Daqiuzhuang has been running a mill, crushing plant, agricultural machinery workshop, forging factory and brickTile factory, but the benefits are not good. Yishumin Fancy the village's capable Liu Wanmin. This person was originally a smelting plant in Tianjin deputy long, proficient in smelting technology, and in Tianjin Peers have a group of acquaintances. In the second half of 1977, Liu Wanmin inspected the market and found that cold rolled strip could make money.　　Yishumin adopted his proposal and decided to make the development of rural industries the first reform of Daqiuzhuang. Daqiuzhuang from self-made money, only dongnuoxijie 150,000 yuan. Liu Wanmin and brother Liu Wanquan in Tianjin cold-rolled strip mill to buy a eliminated rolling mill, and The imitation of two, after two months of trial, the product qualified.　　October 1978, Daqiuzhuang first industrial enterprise ——— Daqiuzhuang cold-rolled strip Mill was formally put into production, that is, the full recovery of investment, and profit of more than 300,000 yuan. After battle, Yishumin decided to reinvest in the construction of the factory, soon, pipe factory, printing plant, electrical factory and other types of factories in Daqiuzhuang springing up.　　In 1983, Daqiuzhuang Farming United Co., Ltd. was established, the plant decentralized to the factory, each factory in a snowball way to build a number of factories. Li Changgong several children, in Yu made sensitive arrangements, have entered the Daqiuzhuang factory to work. Life is passable, but Li Changgong is dissatisfied with the growing number of crops being replaced by a factory. Yishumin also criticized him in turn, "The vision is not long." "In the early 80, daqiuzhuang the development of Industrial road, on the one hand, the economic development, on the one hand, under enormous political pressure, is very criticized." Some people to "dig the socialist Corner", "bribery corrupt state cadres" and other charges, a succession of letters to the Jinghai County Committee, Tianjin Municipal Party.　　Tianjin's individual main leadership was also under the constraints of the planned economy, that Daqiuzhuang engaged in steel processing, is to compete with the state-owned raw materials, said the direction of development problems. September 18, 1984, Yishumin is talking to Xinhua news agency reporter Lin Mo and Fan Banwai, the famous economist Yu Guangyuan came. He is participating in the drafting of the CPC Central Committee's decision on economic restructuring as instructed by Deng Xiaoping. The central content of "decision" is that the development of commodity economy is an impassable stage of socialist economic development, and only the development of commodity economy can enliven the economy.　　Yu Guangyuan listened to Yishumin report said, Daqiuzhuang development "path to", as long as the market needs, social needs, township enterprises can also engage in steel processing. Yu Guangyuan This words to Yishumin "strong gall", this also became Daqiuzhuang turning point. Tianjin municipal party leaders to daqiuzhuang attitude began to change. January 2, 1985, when the Politburo members of the CPC, Vice Premier Li Wanli by Tianjin, the mayor of China accompanied by the Daqiuzhuang inspection.　　They see Daqiuzhuang production development, peasant life improved, said this is the implementation of the party's plenary spirit of the results, instructed them to produce inexpensive products to improve market competitiveness. April 23, 1987, Daqiuzhuang declared to be China's first billion village, a time of fame, people scramble to the North China Plain, the rising of the "World's top village" to visit and learn from. 《Jinghai County Records, according to statistics, 1984-1990, Daqiuzhuang a total of hundreds of thousands of visitors at home and abroad, only 1984 years have 88,000 people, peak day up to 2800. At the time, the New York Times reported that Daqiuzhuang "is actually a big company": The village has 4400 people, but there are 16 Mercedes-Benz cars and more than 100 imported luxury cars. 1990 per capita income of 3400 U.S. dollars, is the national average earnings 10 times times.　　In 1992, Daqiuzhuang's industrial output was said to have reached 4 billion yuan. "What all have to listen to Yu secretary's" "if the single farming, the annual average output is only 700,000 yuan, Daqiuzhuang more than 3,000 can rich?　　January 13, 1989, Yishumin in the People's daily to introduce the Daqiuzhuang development of the article "Ten changes in ten years of change," particularly mentioned Daqiuzhuang "Ear" way. When "fixing" became the mainstream of agricultural reform, Yishumin in Daqiuzhuang is a unified management approach: In 1979, the Daqiuzhuang 11 production teams were rezoned to 25 operating groups, to solve the "work of the Big Bang, distribution pot" of the drawbacks; 1982, the implementation of responsibility to people, benefits to the body, layers of contracting, The method of accumulating prizes, to contract the farmland to the people; After the establishment of the Daqiuzhuang farming Joint Company in 1983, the original farmers became "enterprise workers", the wage system began to disappear; in 1985, the agricultural Operation Group was reorganized, and 4857 acres of farmland in the village were contracted by 4 working groups to implement mechanized operation. In the previous reforms, the population of Daqiuzhuang engaged in agricultural production was gradually reduced, and by 1992 the agricultural managers were reduced to only 8.　　By the end of 1990, the total grain output was 3.5 million kg, 1.5 times times higher than the 1978 1.4 million kg, and 9.4 times times higher than the 1949 340,000 kg. At that time, industrial and agricultural compensation was calculated at 1000 yuan, and the subsidy was rewarded according to actual output. 1984, Daqiuzhuang Madellian contracted 140 acres of land, harvest grain 100024 kg, annual income of 16500 yuan, hit. In December, Madellian and his wife were invited to France on a French television to visit the French Ministry of Agriculture, the Minister of Agriculture awarded the "Agricultural Meritorious Knight" title and a French Agricultural medal, 1985 vice Premier Li Wan to Madellian home visit, and accompanied by the Tianjin mayor of the city, said　　In industrial comparatively developed villages and towns, the problem of how to balance the income of agricultural workers and industrial workers should be studied.　　The Daqiuzhuang people in the Yishumin era, whether they came to work in the factory, or the farming, whether children, or the elderly, can enjoy a high development of the collective economy brought by the "cradle to the grave" welfare benefits, including water vapor heating, housing, communications, transportation, school, medical and so on more than 15. "At that time everything was hair, not even water and electricity money." "The Li Changgong, who lived on the farm, missed the" utopian "days when his son married, with Yishumin said, do not spend a penny, get a set of two rooms and a Hall of the house, decoration is not, take the belongings directly can live in. To get these free benefits, the price to pay is "listen to Yu secretary's". Ordinary villagers like Li Changgong, there is no way to estimate Yu as min How many people wealth, this is not his concern.　　In the eyes of the Daqiuzhuang people at that time, the wealth is collective, is Yishumin lead us to create, nature must support him. The rapid economic development, so that the Yishumin of selfish desires and power of the unlimited expansion of the desire. Yishumin once told his partner: "Warn you I said in front of the new set up the leadership, one person a number, all blow my tune, do not blow my tune, not one." "Once, a Hong Kong reporter asked him," Some people say you are here Local despot ... "Yishumin didn't wait for him to finish, smiled and answered," I went to the ' earth ' word is the emperor. "Daqiuzhuang," said the Xinhua news agency reporter Fan Banwai, "The Rise and Fall of Yu-Min" In the "Yishumin" at a symposium on property rights reform, "we are from scratch, now each group has a billion of assets." Who does this belong to? He asks himself, "Is it personal?" Or collective? It is hard to say "," the brigade did not give a penny, initially to the bank loans of tens of thousands of yuan are also paid. The state also has no investment. "He reasoned:" These billions of assets are mine, I can say. "March 1992, Yishumin to" realize modern enterprise Management "," ownership and management separation "for the name of the system adjustment, the Daqiuzhuang farming to" Daqiuzhuang Enterprise (group) company ", the total company under the 5 group, that is, Wan Quan Group, Shun group, Tianjin United States Group, Jinhai Group, Hua da Group. Head office set up a board of directors, Yishumin to the second line as chairman, the general manager by the 25-year-old son Yishao as. On the surface, the ownership and the right to operate separate, actually by their father and son, the ownership became Yishumin, the right to operate is the son Yishao, unified to the "Yu home."　　Since then, Daqiuzhuang head office of the leadership, in addition to individual yixing is Yu as sensitive "confidant", others are "exclusively" of the Yu family. "Unclear property rights, lack of binding mechanism, unlimited expansion of the operator's power, corporate property can easily become personal property."　　"The reform of Fan Banwai evaluation of Daqiuzhuang is a highly centralized economic reform."　　The reform of the "post-Yishumin era" as the Yishumin of China's rural reform in the last few decades. August 27, 1993, due to the "Liu Yutian case" and "dangerous blessing of the case", Yishumin was sentenced to 20 years ' imprisonment for harboring crime, obstructing public crime, bribery, unlawful detention and illegal control.　　October 2, 1999 late in the night, in prison for the medical parole Yu to swallow a large number of sleeping pills, the next day 1 o'clock in the morning Xu in Tianjin days and hospital died. For the tragedy of Yishumin, director and Professor Yu Jian of Social Research Center of Rural Institute of CassChina believes that, from the institutional point of view, autonomous villages and state power have different powers of the logic of the operation, blending them into one easily produce a kind of illusion can determine the fate of the illusory forces. Yishumin did not recognize the boundaries of these two powers and challenged the bottom line of the system, and ultimately decided his final outcome.　　In this sense, Yishumin is the product of the era of upholding power and the victim of the institutional environment in which the boundaries of power are not clear. Yu Tomin was arrested several months, November 18, 1993, after the decision of the Tianjin municipal government, Daqiuzhuang village built town, under the Jinghai County of Tianjin, at the same time, Shun, Wan, Tianjin and the United States, Tianjin and the sea four enterprises to run the Society of the part of the function stripped out to four streets. In addition, the vicinity of Daqiuzhuang, Tai Tun, full well son, Wanghuzhuang 3 villages are classified as Daqiuzhuang town. At that time, the total area of the town reached 32.8 square kilometers, arable land for 19590 mu, the total population of 33,000 people, of which 12,000 registered population, more than 20,000 people outside the population.　　Professor Xiang Jikuan, a renowned scholar and research Center for rural problems at Huazhong Normal University, argues that the establishment of the town of Daqiuzhuang has broken the village's closure and been daqiuzhuang by the state power, which has reduced the interference of authoritarian figures in normal order. During the period after the incident of Yu-min, Daqiuzhuang still maintained an inertial growth. 1997, Daqiuzhuang reached the most glorious period: industrial output reached more than 13 billion yuan, steel processing output of 2.7 million tons, gross domestic product of 1.61 billion yuan, tax revenue of more than 94 million yuan.　　At this time, Daqiuzhuang second industry has accounted for 95% of the total economy, of which the steel processing industry accounted for 86.7% of all industries, processing capacity of more than 4 million tons, only pipe production line peak reached 96, production capacity of nearly 2 million tons, equivalent to the size of a large steel enterprises in China. However, that is, in 1997, the Asian financial crisis erupted, the country began to rectify the financial order, the banks tighten money, a lot of credit and social capital from the Daqiuzhuang withdrawal, enterprises rely on the survival of the fund chain was cut off, the daqiuzhuang economy has been slipping: the end of 1998, Daqiuzhuang Industrial Sales from 1997 to 10 billion yuan to 6 billion yuan, tax from 93 million yuan to 60 million yuan, half of the enterprises in the production of half production.　　By 2001, Daqiuzhuang Industrial sales revenue of 8.2 billion yuan, the tax only completed 35 million yuan, back to the beginning of the construction of the town level. "Even if Yu does not have an accident, Daqiuzhuang economy sooner or later will have an accident." The leaders of Jinghai County and Daqiuzhuang believe that the Daqiuzhuang economy is inevitable because of the high reliance on iron and steel industry, single industrial structure, heavy debt burden, the existence of unclear property rights and the backwardness of management mode, the Daqiuzhuang economic base is extremely fragile.　　Yishumin times the villagers enjoy the various free benefits, in the Daqiuzhuang into the trough of the enterprise has become a heavy burden. To this end, from 1995 onwards, Daqiuzhuang Town party committee, the Government implemented a series of reforms: the original four major groupAsset restructuring and restructuring the whole town enterprises to implement property rights restructuring, the 180,000 square meters of ordinary homes and villas sold to the individual discount, to achieve the commercialization of housing, sale of 4 streets of transport, communication tools to solve public and private issues, while eliminating the original water supply, electricity, heating and other aspects of free benefits.　　"Secretary (Yishumin) at the time ..."　　Daqiuzhuang Town official said the above reform is "to change the momentum, bring prosperity", but in the public, there are ordinary villagers in the reform has a lot of dissatisfaction. "The Secretary (referring to Yishumin) at the time .... "At the Daqiuzhuang Center for the elderly, Li Changgong, 84, is often the beginning of small talk with those old people who have experienced the ups and downs of the Daqiuzhuang 60." Among these old people are the fathers of the Daqiuzhuang rich who have donated money for the construction of the Activity centre, and some are so poor that they can't afford to pay for the heating. Most of them miss the Yishumin era of Daqiuzhuang: "At that time, everyone in the hearts of the collective, now is the various." It used to be anything, and now it doesn't matter. Daqiuzhuang people still have money, that's just a handful. "The reform of the post-Yishumin era has made Daqiuzhuang farewell to collectivization, and some powerless villagers have fallen into a predicament, thus highlighting the polarization of the rich and poor."　　In nominal terms, most of the Daqiuzhuang are agricultural accounts, but the original majority of the farmland has become a factory land, even if the streets still have a small amount of farmland, are sublet to the outsiders to cultivate, the villagers want to rely on the farm to make a living, and those who once belonged to the collective property of the factory is now easy to become a private business, there is no relationship is difficult to find a job. As for the problems of Daqiuzhuang restructuring, Yu that the most important and Yishumin in the time when the collective and villagers of the individual property rights are not clearly related. Many facts show that vague collective property is more easily plundered than state-owned assets.　　Therefore, when Yishumin such a symbolic character of the powerful characters, the original name belongs to the Daqiuzhuang common all collective property will inevitably be lost in the chaos.　　However, Yu stressed that today we can daqiuzhuang many of the disharmony and some people "lawfully" changed the property relations in the collective era of Daqiuzhuang, but these can not become the negation of the goal of a clear property relations as the reason for restructuring. On June 18, 2009, Liujin, who returned to his hometown to run for office, would lose the election, which he expected. Now, he hopes to use the law and other channels to investigate the use of enterprise restructuring of some village cadres to encroach on collective assets.　　It was through the law that Yishumin, who had caused his family's demise, eventually stepped down. "Nevermore avoid what is. We keep in mind that the younger generations remember. In the summer of 1990, Yishumin wrote this last sentence in the book of Daqiuzhuang changes.　　This is perhaps the tragic man, the last and most incisive admonition in this land, for the reform is still unfinished.　　Looking back to Daqiuzhuang 60, from the Daqiuzhuang to the rich and the rich and the poor, after the ups and downs of the Chinese rural reform has undoubtedly become a typical specimen. Integrated：Li Yu Han Fudong