Tsinghua has been arguing with the Chinese Academy of Sciences. CN Domain Management rights

Intermediary transaction SEO diagnosis Taobao guest Cloud host technology Hall

Has abandoned the olive branch for Internet projects

It's very early for me to join the Internet. Researchers have been concerned about the Internet since the academy began in 1975. At that time, some large companies have their own local network, which is the main network. 1978, there is a visit to the United States as a visiting scholar, in the language university for a few months after practicing English, in February 1980 smoothly out, out of the main learning network.

Before that, I have done a lot of online tracking research in China. I have been a visiting scholar in the United States for 2 years and returned home in February 1982. At that time, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Germany have a cooperative project, a package project is to do the network. At that time, the Computing Institute, the software, the Computing Center tripartite joint participation in a project, code-named "NCFC", the project has huge loans, mainly to do supercomputing Center, in Zhongguancun, so that scientists can share supercomputing capabilities.

Now think back, the network is to engage in this thing and inadvertently inserted willow results. At that time to do this requires a network, the computer are connected, otherwise scientists can only ride to the engine room. So by the way the network. We bought the supercomputer in the United States, the Tsinghua University and other 20 scientific research institutions networking, sharing computing resources.

This project was three home out of the program to choose, Tsinghua, Peking University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences, we have more than Tsinghua University of the last 0.7 points, so finally by us to lead, the other two. Most of the work on this project is on our side. The first is three interconnected, followed by more than 20 institutions.

In fact, there is an episode, Liu has invited me to join the early association. Lenovo formerly known as the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Computing, in 1984 they hired me part-time as deputy workers, pipe network this piece. The chief engineer at the time was NI, our partner, because we know some networks. At that time they do a lot of business in the network, such as selling network equipment, in the domestic impact is very big. 1989 years or so, they officially renamed Lenovo, when Liu invited me to formally join. But the unit had already picked up that project and asked me to stay, and I had no past

In general, my study abroad in 1980, and German cooperation in 1984, all involve networking, which is one of the major reasons why I later focused on internet projects in the country.

15 years ago, no one was paying attention to the network except the researchers.

15 years ago, in addition to scientific research and institutions in our country, no one cared about the internet, including China Telecom. At that time, the extent of domestic concern for the network is not the same as abroad, they are mainly the military and university in the promotion. At that time, the domestic general did not understand the network, when all the relevant network equipment is very expensive, no users, at that time no one thought it was a market.

We have a project and we have to do it. Just said that the story of unintentional inserted willow, in fact, is this. Probably in 1992, our campus network connection is basically done. But the United States had an organization that specifically restricted the export of cutting-edge technology, so until 1996, the first supercomputer we bought with the United States came in. As a result, the network is progressing faster than supercomputers. That computer was 9.6 billion times, and today we've been able to develop trillions supercomputers.

When the internet was done, the people we chaired the project felt that our network was not comparable to the foreign network. There is even a feeling that this is a "vase" project, is spent money, but not practical value. So we have the idea of connecting this network to the American Web.

At that time, there is also a very urgent need for networking in the academic and education sector has a new research results, generally through the way of publishing papers to inform the world peers, but the magazine is often published very slowly, at least six months, this evaluation of the research results is unfair. So at that time everyone began to send a magazine pre-printed, and sent to the world counterparts mailing. It is generally mailed 3,000 copies a year, so that peers know that they are the first to make this outcome.

After the development of the network, the foreign people no longer post printed pieces, the network hair. China did not have a network, can not receive the things of others, also send out, very disadvantage. Once a scholar complained that we have a result than foreign first to do, but we are mailed, people use the Internet, the international first know is other countries. Later, after our network was connected with the international, the advantages of the domestic institute in this area increased greatly. It can be said that if there is no network, these will not be done.

Connecting with international networks has gone through four hurdles.

In the complaints of scientific research institutions, we were under great pressure, it seems that the network must be connected. To get out of this, we broke through four major hurdles: financial constraints, political barriers, technical barriers and policy hurdles.

The first is financial constraints. Our first project funding is not to support the company to go out of this, only the budget to buy supercomputers equipment. Fortunately, at that time, the leaders of many ministries in our management committee members, we reflected that they agreed to do. However, due to the overall budget difficulties at that time, there is no funding. A turning point in the Department of Science and Technology, he was very supportive of the international network, let us go to talk about it, and came back to write a proposal, on a few pages, the need to write clearly, how much money. Later he agreed to support 3 years, 3 years later we find another way.

The second is political obstruction. With funding, we are ready to start working in the United States. Japan and Europe were connected to the United States at that time. The United States has the largest academic network, and they are the people who do the research. In June 1992, I went to Kobe, Japan to attend an annual annual Internet conference, when the United States had an Internet official attending the meeting, I contacted him to say that the Chinese network wants to connect to the past. When the United States commissioned a telecommunications company to do this, the telecommunications company and the negotiations, said this request to embarrass them, because the United States online has a lot of government and military information, they do not dare to allow us to even, must wait for government departments to approve. It was a full 1.5 of the time.

During these 1.5 hours, we have done a lot of work and tried to negotiate with the United States. I talked to the other main person face-to-face 7 times. Most importantly, a meeting in San Francisco, USA, in 1993, when a number of important Internet scientists participated. During this period, 2 key foreign friends provided important help, one was the director of the Computer Communications department at the University of Missouri, USA, and he had a good relationship with us. He had no plan to attend the meeting, and heard that we were going to the conference to lobby for the American web, and he flew to San Francisco and stayed with us for a hotel and took us around in 3 days to get to know friends and help lobby.

There is also a professor in Korea who has been instrumental in helping us connect with the United States. The South Korean professor, a part-time professor at Stanford University in the United States, has a lot of connections and enthusiasm. After that meeting, there was another meeting, 60 miles from San Francisco, at which we put the need to connect the U.S. network as an agenda, and let scientists talk about it. At that time, many people spoke enthusiastically and thought that it was necessary that the impact of this time would be greatly enhanced.

After the 5 anniversary of CNNIC, we invited the top 2 professors to thank them for making so much contribution to the Chinese Internet. The South Korean professor was later busy working on the Internet in Africa, and his lifelong wish was to promote the worldwide use of Internet connections.

By the end of 1993, the United States had agreed to China's access. At the beginning of 1994, at a Sino-US bilateral meeting, we were formally informed that we could start the connection, so the political hurdles here have to be declared a breakthrough. By March 1994, we China Telecom and the United States that telecommunications company, leased satellite channel to start testing, October 20, 1994 is officially opened.

The third is technical barriers. At that time we bought a router, but did not use, the international connection in the end what will be the problem? A lot of international long-distance calls, and the United States to consult. Here are the Chinese, there may be Americans, communicate with each other by telephone.

The policy barrier is the four. Our National Post and telecommunications policy, the telecommunications channel is not rented to more than. At that time can be rented to foreign companies, because the foreign companies are generally used, but we have more than 20 research institutes share. But to do the network you have to share Ah, then Telecom made a request: close to a new user costs increased by 40%. We calculate, 20 will increase the cost of 8 lines, this does not ah, we have only 1 lines of the budget. Later, Qiheng led the initiative to find ministerial leadership. We talked about the eve of the year. At that time, director of communications he was very aware of the truth of network sharing, very enlightened, said that must be addressed to the problem, the network is to share. Later agreed. We had a head start, and then the others followed, and all went well.

E-mail is the most important network application in the early stage

The early three network applications have three: email, remote on the machine, and transmission, at that time email is very important, is all the basis of the application. Now the web, IM, video and so on, are later developed. Email is also the first time we want to use, it is very important.

In the Baji years, several domestic institutions have been able to send e-mail successfully. But at that time it was not official Internet email, at that time to have a lot of engineers to support, send mail to collect money, very expensive, every K content to 7 yuan, 1 pages of things about dozens of dollars. At that time, some funded scientists will register the account number, the average person can not afford.

At that time the network also has a characteristic, collect, sends all to have the expense. This is the practice of the United States at that time, because our network is not connected to the Internet, first sent to the United States at Stanford University, they converted into the Internet email, and then forwarded out, this is very expensive.

At that time is usually to pick very important things, concise hair, but the email is bad, the United States they send their own email do not money, they like to send attachments, we get back often is hundreds of k, a lot of money. An e-mail comes over often 600, 700 yuan. So we keep telling our partners that you don't have any hair mails coming in from America. Because of the cost, the usefulness of the initial email is very limited.

Later, the technology development, the funds were lowered, every k price from 5-7 yuan into 2 cents. Telecom see this, feel inside a lot of do head, immediately began to project. They are easy to do because the channel is in their hands. They started at the end of 1994, set a point in Shanghai, a point in Beijing, when they had no time to expand customers, the first 2 points, and all connected to the United States, and then slowly expand the user. Yinghai's job was to help them expand their users.

In fact, look back, operators are such, unprofitable time, they do not do, and so you do almost, they come in again. Now the IPv6 is like this, the research session is pushing, they do not do, because they have not seen the market. As soon as we're done, they come in.

Overall, China's network development has gone through several key stages, one is the web development, it allows you to visit the Web page can browse a lot of information; one is the American commercial network allows us to access, commercial after the people can use, rapid development. Then without the intervention of telecommunications, our network industry can not develop so fast.

Tsinghua has been arguing with the Chinese Academy of Sciences. CN Domain Management rights

Before we connected with the United States, we also considered the problem of domain name in advance. At that time, there is no domain resolution is very inconvenient, we need to receive information from each other, we must give each other to provide our IP address. We gathered a lot of experts at that time. The study of China's top-level domain Name System, how to set up a better, it determines the. cn domain name.

1991, we visited the United States, proposed to register the. cn domain name. They surf the internet and say that you already have a server in Germany. We checked the liaison information, which was made by a German professor named Zoen, and the Chinese contact person is Tbqian.

We didn't respond, Tbqian was Mr. Chantianbai's name. He left the unit information, is the Beijing Institute of Computer Applications, and the telephone, we found him on the phone, and invited him to join our committee.

At that time, the international regulations, the domain name information small changes can, but the big change is not, especially for the liaison, very difficult. First, the consensus of the local public opinion, secondly, the original liaison to agree;

Chantianbai is a graduate of Tsinghua University, our project was also a lot of Tsinghua people, so we all compare later agreed to move over. Germany, Chantianbai, our three sides jointly proposed to move the server back. There were three servers, a primary server in Beijing, a secondary server in the United States, and a secondary server in Europe. May 21, we officially operate, with the domain name of the entire communication is very convenient. Otherwise it's inconvenient.

If you do not move the server back to the country, each registered domain name will go to Germany, very troublesome. And it involves sovereignty. When the server just moved back, only 3 domain names, a few years to develop more than 1000 domain names. At that time the main schools and institutions.

When the cnnic was set up, many people came to contend with this. cn domain name management, especially Tsinghua University. But we have been doing it for many years, and the liaison is on our side, and the leaders of the Ministry think that we have been doing it for so many years and have gained a lot of experience, that it is more reasonable for us to continue to do so. Later the edu.cn to Tsinghua, mainly in the field of education, and now has developed thousands of domain names.

There is still a gap between China's Internet development and foreign countries

After more than 10 years of development, China's network from the hardware facilities, not worse than others. We have a wide bandwidth and we have all kinds of high speed channels. The general Netizen searches the webpage information on the website, search engine A search, these all are same.

But there are some gaps in application, such as commercial applications we are not so common, many kinds of business applications, such as it to replace the general network application and depth, people are much higher than us. For example, a large number of hospitals in the use of network processing, from hanging the number of the doctor's process, the application is more popular than us, in-depth and convenient. These are related to the development time of other people, and they are related to the development of all walks of life.

Internet users We are currently the world's largest, but our penetration and penetration rate is not yet. May be just reached the average level of the world, this is not enough, our national economic total in the world is in the front, not according to the world average level to see, because we have a large population, we can not lag behind a lot of the middle-developed countries, South Korea has 70% or 80% of the Internet users, we are It is not a matter of pride that we have more Internet users because of the population.

To measure your underdevelopment depends on the average, if our average 70% or 80% of people surf the Internet, the overall economic development must be very convincing. So in the international, we still have great prospects for development. In the future, we must increase the number of annual growth of more than foreign, such as South Korea a year of growth of 1 million, we may increase 7 million or 8 million is possible.