Android自訂View(一)

一、自訂視圖類繼承View或者View的子類

All of the view classes defined in the Android framework extend View. Your custom view can also extend Viewdirectly, or you can save time by extending one of the existing view subclasses, such as Button.

To allow the Android Developer Tools to interact with your view, at a minimum you must provide a constructor that takes a Context and an AttributeSet object as parameters. This constructor allows the layout editor to create and edit an instance of your view.

class PieChart extends View {    public PieChart(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {        super(context, attrs);    }}

二、定義自訂屬性

• Define custom attributes for your view in a resource element
• Specify values for the attributes in your XML layout
• Retrieve attribute values at runtime
• Apply the retrieved attribute values to your view

  To define custom attributes, add resources to your project. It's customary to put these resources into a res/values/attrs.xml file. Here's an example of an attrs.xml file:

  This code declares two custom attributes, showText and labelPosition, that belong to a styleable entity namedPieChart. The name of the styleable entity is, by convention, the same name as the name of the class that defines the custom view. Although it's not strictly necessary to follow this convention, many popular code editors depend on this naming convention to provide statement completion.
  
  

  Once you define the custom attributes, you can use them in layout XML files just like built-in attributes. The only difference is that your custom attributes belong to a different namespace. Instead of belonging to thehttp://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android namespace, they belong tohttp://schemas.android.com/apk/res/[your package name]. For example, here's how to use the attributes defined for PieChart:

  In order to avoid having to repeat the long namespace URI, the sample uses an xmlns directive. This directive assigns the alias custom to the namespace http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/com.example.customviews. You can choose any alias you want for your namespace.

  Notice the name of the XML tag that adds the custom view to the layout. It is the fully qualified name of the custom view class. If your view class is an inner class, you must further qualify it with the name of the view's outer class. further. For instance, the PieChart class has an inner class called PieView. To use the custom attributes from this class, you would use the tag com.example.customviews.charting.PieChart$PieView.
  
  三、使用自訂屬性

  When a view is created from an XML layout, all of the attributes in the XML tag are read from the resource bundle and passed into the view's constructor as an AttributeSet. Although it's possible to read values from theAttributeSet directly, doing so has some disadvantages:

  • Resource references within attribute values are not resolved
  • Styles are not applied

    Instead, pass the AttributeSet to obtainStyledAttributes(). This method passes back a TypedArray array of values that have already been dereferenced and styled.

    The Android resource compiler does a lot of work for you to make calling obtainStyledAttributes() easier. For each resource in the res directory, the generated R.java defines both an array of attribute ids and a set of constants that define the index for each attribute in the array. You use the predefined constants to read the attributes from the TypedArray. Here's how the PieChart class reads its attributes:

    public PieChart(Context context, AttributeSet attrs) {   super(context, attrs);   TypedArray a = context.getTheme().obtainStyledAttributes(        attrs,        R.styleable.PieChart,        0, 0);   try {       mShowText = a.getBoolean(R.styleable.PieChart_showText, false);       mTextPos = a.getInteger(R.styleable.PieChart_labelPosition, 0);   } finally {       a.recycle();   }}

    Note that TypedArray objects are a shared resource and must be recycled after use.

    四、Add Properties and Events

    Attributes are a powerful way of controlling the behavior and appearance of views, but they can only be read when the view is initialized. To provide dynamic behavior, expose a property getter and setter pair for each custom attribute. The following snippet shows how PieChart exposes a property called showText:

    public boolean isShowText() {   return mShowText;}public void setShowText(boolean showText) {   mShowText = showText;   invalidate();   requestLayout();}

    
    

    Notice that setShowText calls invalidate() and requestLayout(). These calls are crucial to ensure that the view behaves reliably. You have to invalidate the view after any change to its properties that might change its appearance, so that the system knows that it needs to be redrawn. Likewise, you need to request a new layout if a property changes that might affect the size or shape of the view. Forgetting these method calls can cause hard-to-find bugs.

    Custom views should also support event listeners to communicate important events. For instance, PieChartexposes a custom event called OnCurrentItemChanged to notify listeners that the user has rotated the pie chart to focus on a new pie slice.

    It's easy to forget to expose properties and events, especially when you're the only user of the custom view. Taking some time to carefully define your view's interface reduces future maintenance costs. A good rule to follow is to always expose any property that affects the visible appearance or behavior of your custom view.

    五、Design For Accessibility

    Your custom view should support the widest range of users. This includes users with disabilities that prevent them from seeing or using a touchscreen. To support users with disabilities, you should:

    • Label your input fields using the android:contentDescription attribute
    • Send accessibility events by calling sendAccessibilityEvent() when appropriate.
    • Support alternate controllers, such as D-pad and trackball