基於CentOS構建高效能的LAMP平台
大綱:
一、系統 安裝
二、編譯安裝基本環境
三、配置虛擬機器主機及基本效能調優
四、基本安全設定
五、附錄及相關介紹
一、系統安裝
1. 分區
/boot 100M左右
SWAP 實體記憶體 的2倍(如果你的實體記憶體大於4G以上,分配4G即可)
/ 15G
/usr/local 20G (用於安裝軟體 )
/data 剩餘所有空間
2. 系統初始化指令碼 (根據具體需求關閉不需要的服務 )
#vi init.sh
-------------------cut begin-------------------------------------------
#welcome
cat << EOF
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| === Welcome to Centos System init === |
+--------------http://www.linuxtone.org------------------------+
+----------------------Author:NetSeek--------------------------+
EOF
#disable ipv6
cat << EOF
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| === Welcome to Disable IPV6 === |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
EOF
echo "alias net-pf-10 off" >> /etc/mod probe.conf
echo "alias ipv6 off" >> /etc/modprobe.conf
/sbin/chkconfig --level 35 ip6tables off
echo "ipv6 is disabled!"
#disable selinux
sed -i '/SELINUX/s/enforcing/disabled/' /etc/selinux/config
echo "selinux is disabled,you must reboot!"
#vim
sed -i "8 s/^/alias vi='vim'/" /root/.bashrc
echo 'syntax on' > /root/.vimrc
#zh_cn
sed -i -e 's/^LANG=.*/LANG="zh_CN.GB18030"/' /etc/sysconfig/i18n
#tunoff services
#--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cat << EOF
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| === Welcome to Tunoff services === |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
EOF
#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
for i in `ls /etc/rc3.d/S*`
do
CURSRV=`echo $i|cut -c 15-`
echo $CURSRV
case $CURSRV in
crond | irqbalance | microcode_ctl | network | random | sendmail | ssh d | syslog | local | mysql d )
echo "Base services, Skip!"
;;
*)
echo "change $CURSRV to off"
chkconfig --level 235 $CURSRV off
service $CURSRV stop
;;
esac
done
-------------------cut end-------------------------------------------
#sh init.sh (執行上面儲存的指令碼,仍後重啟)
二、編譯安裝基本環境
1. 安裝準備
1) 系統約定
軟體原始碼包存放位置 /usr/local/src
源碼包編譯安裝位置(prefix) /usr/local/software_name
指令碼以及維護程式 存放位置 /usr/local/sbin
MySQL 資料庫 位置 /data/mysql/data(可按情況設定)
Apache 網站根目錄 /data/www/wwwroot(可按情況設定)
Apache 虛擬機器主機日誌 根目錄 /data/www/logs(可按情況設定)
Apache 運行 賬戶 www:www (useradd -d /data/www/;chown www.www /data/www/wwwroot)
2) 系統內容部署及調整
檢查系統是否正常
# tail -n100 /var/log/messages (檢查有無系統級錯誤資訊)
# dmesg (檢查硬體裝置是否有錯誤資訊)
# ifconfig(檢查網卡設定是否正確)
# ping www.linuxtone.org (檢查網路 是否正常)
3) 使用 yum 程式安裝所需開發 包(以下為標準的 RPM 包名稱)
#rpm --import http://mirror.centos .org/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-5
#yum install ntp vim-enhanced gcc gcc-c++ gcc-g77 flex bison autoconf automake bzip2-devel /
ncurses-devel zlib-devel libjpeg-devel libpng-devel libtiff-devel freetype-devel libXpm-devel /
gettext-devel pam-devel kernel
4) 定時校正伺服器 時鐘,定時與中國 國家授時中心授時伺服器同步
# crontab -e
加入一行:
15 3 * * * /usr/sbin/ntpdate 210.72.145.44 > /dev/null 2>&1
2. 編譯安裝軟體包
源碼編譯安裝所需包(Source)
1) GD2
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xvf gd-2.0.35.tar.gz
# cd gd-2.0.35
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/gd2
# make
# make install
2) LibXML2
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xvf libxml2-2.6.29.tar.bz2
# cd libxml2-2.6.29
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/libxml2
# make
# make install
3) LibMcrypt
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xvf libmcrypt-2.5.8.tar.bz2
# cd libmcrypt-2.5.8
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/libmcrypt
# make
# make install
4) Apache日誌截斷程式
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xvf cronolog-1.6.2.tar.gz
# cd cronolog-1.6.2
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/cronolog
# make
# make install
3. 升級OpenSSL和OpenSSH
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xvf openssl-0.9.8g.tar.gz
# cd openssl-0.9.8g
# ./config --prefix=/usr/local/openssl
# make
# make test
# make install
# cd ..
# tar xvf openssh-5.0p1.tar.gz
# cd openssh-5.0p1
# ./configure /
"--prefix=/usr" /
"--with-pam" /
"--with-zlib" /
"--sysconfdir=/etc/ssh" /
"--with-ssl-dir=/usr/local/openssl" /
"--with-md5-passwords"
# make
# make install
1) 禁用 SSH V1 協議
找到#Protocol 2,1改為:Protocol 2
2) 禁用伺服器端GSSAPI
找到以下兩行,並將它們注釋:
GSSAPIAuthentication yes
GSSAPICleanupCredentials yes
3) 禁用 DNS 名稱解析
找到:#UseDNS yeas改為:UseDNS no
4)禁用用戶端 GSSAPI
# vi /etc/ssh/ssh_config 找到:GSSAPIAuthentication yes 將這行注釋掉。
最後,確認修改正確後重新啟動 SSH 服務
# service sshd restart
# ssh -v
確認 OpenSSH 以及 OpenSSL 版本正確。
以上SSH配置可利用以下指令碼自動修改:
-------------------cut begin-------------------------------------------
#init_ssh
ssh_cf="/etc/ssh/sshd_config"
sed -i -e '74 s/^/#/' -i -e '76 s/^/#/' $ssh_cf
sed -i "s/#UseDNS yes/UseDNS no/" $ssh_cf
#client
sed -i -e '44 s/^/#/' -i -e '48 s/^/#/' $ssh_cf
echo "ssh is init is ok.............."
-------------------cut end---------------------------------------------
三、編譯安裝A.M.P環境
1.下載軟體編譯安裝
1)下載軟體
# cd /usr/local/src
httpd-2.2.8.tar.gz
mysql-5.0.51b.tar.gz
php-5.2.6.tar.bz2
ZendOptimizer-3.3.3-linux-glibc23-i386.tar.gz
2) 安裝MySQL
查看分析你的CPU型號:
http://gentoo-wiki.com/Safe_Cflags 尋找您的GCC編譯參數.
確定系統CPU類型:
# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "model name"
執行後會看到系統中CPU的具體型號,記下CPU型號。
# tar xvf mysql-5.0.51b.tar.gz
# cd mysql-5.0.51b
# vi mysql.sh
-------------------cut begin-------------------------------------------
CHOST="i686-pc-linux-gnu"
CFLAGS="-march=prescott -O2 -pipe -fomit-frame-pointer"
CXXFLAGS="${CFLAGS}"
./configure /
"--prefix=/usr/local/mysql" /
"--localstatedir=/data/mysql/data" /
"--with-comment=Source" /
"--with-server-suffix=-LinuxTone" /
"--with-mysqld-user=mysql" /
"--without-debug" /
"--with-big-tables" /
"--with-charset=gbk" /
"--with-collation=gbk_chinese_ci" /
"--with-extra-charsets=all" /
"--with-pthread" /
"--enable-static" /
"--enable-thread-safe-client" /
"--with-client-ldflags=-all-static" /
"--with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static" /
"--enable-assembler" /
"--without-isam" /
"--without-innodb" /
"--without-ndb-debug"
make && make install
mkdir -p /data/mysql/data
useradd mysql -d /data/mysql -s /sbin/nologin
/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
cd /usr/local/mysql
chown -R root:mysql .
chown -R mysql /data/mysql/data
cp share/mysql/my-huge.cnf /etc/my.cnf
cp share/mysql/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
chmod 755 /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
chkconfig --add mysqld
/etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld start
cd /usr/local/mysql/bin
for i in *; do ln -s /usr/local/mysql/bin/$i /usr/bin/$i; done
-------------------cut end---------------------------------------------
#sh mysql.sh 即可開始編譯.
3) 編譯安裝Apache
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xvf httpd-2.2.8.tar.gz
# cd httpd-2.2.8
./configure /
"--prefix=/usr/local/apache2" /
"--with-included-apr" /
"--enable-so" /
"--enable-deflate=shared" /
"--enable-expires=shared" /
"--enable-rewrite=shared" /
"--enable-static-support" /
"--disable-userdir"
make
make install
echo '/usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl start ' >> /etc/rc.local
4.)編譯安裝PHP
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xjvf php-5.2.6.tar.bz2
# cd php-5.2.6
./configure /
"--prefix=/usr/local/php" /
"--with-apxs2=/usr/local/apache2/bin/apxs" /
"--with-config-file-path=/usr/local/php/etc" /
"--with-mysql=/usr/local/mysql" /
"--with-libxml-dir=/usr/local/libxml2" /
"--with-gd=/usr/local/gd2" /
"--with-jpeg-dir" /
"--with-png-dir" /
"--with-bz2" /
"--with-freetype-dir" /
"--with-iconv-dir" /
"--with-zlib-dir " /
"--with-openssl=/usr/local/openssl" /
"--with-mcrypt=/usr/local/libmcrypt" /
"--enable-soap" /
"--enable-gd-native-ttf" /
"--enable-ftp" /
"--enable-mbstring" /
"--enable-exif" /
"--disable-ipv6" /
"--disable-cgi" /
"--disable-cli" #禁掉ipv6,禁掉cli模式,提升速度和安全性.請根據具體需求定製相關的編譯數.
make
make install
mkdir /usr/local/php/etc
cp php.ini-dist /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini
5)Xcache的安裝.
#tar xvf xcache-1.2.2.tar.gz
#/usr/local/php/bin/phpize
./configure --enable-xcache --enable-xcache-coverager --with-php-config=/usr/local/php/bin/php-config /
--enable-inline-optimization --disable-debug
#vi /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini (將以下內容加入php.ini最後面)
-------------------cut begin-------------------------------------------
[xcache-common]
zend_extension = /usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/xcache.so
[xcache.admin]
xcache.admin.user = "admin"
;如何產生md5密碼: echo -n "password"| md5sum
xcache.admin.pass = "035d849226a8a10be1a5e0fec1f0f3ce" #密碼為52netseek
[xcache]
; Change xcache.size to tune the size of the opcode cache
xcache.size = 24M
xcache.shm_scheme = "mmap"
xcache.count = 4
xcache.slots = 8K
xcache.ttl = 0
xcache.gc_interval = 0
; Change xcache.var_size to adjust the size of variable cache
xcache.var_size = 8M
xcache.var_count = 1
xcache.var_slots = 8K
xcache.var_ttl = 0
xcache.var_maxttl = 0
xcache.var_gc_interval = 300
xcache.test = Off
xcache.readonly_protection = On
xcache.mmap_path = "/tmp/xcache"
xcache.coredump_directory = ""
xcache.cacher = On
xcache.stat = On
xcache.optimizer = Off
[xcache.coverager]
xcache.coverager = On
xcache.coveragedump_directory = ""
-------------------cut end---------------------------------------------
6) 安裝Zend Optimizer
# cd /usr/local/src
# tar xzvf ZendOptimizer-3.3.3-linux-glibc23-i386.tar.gz
# ./ZendOptimizer-3.3.3-linux-glibc23-i386/install.sh
安裝Zend Optimizer過程的最後不要選擇重啟Apache。
2. 整合Apache與PHP及系統初化配置.
1)整合Apache與PHP
# vi /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf
找到:
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
在該行下面添加
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php
找到:
<IfModule dir_module>
DirectoryIndex index.html
</IfModule>
將該行改為
<IfModule dir_module>
DirectoryIndex index.html index.htm index.php
</IfModule>
找到:
#Include conf/extra/httpd-mpm.conf
#Include conf/extra/httpd-info.conf
#Include conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf (虛擬機器主機設定檔存放目錄.)
#Include conf/extra/httpd-default.conf
去掉前面的“#”號,取消注釋。
注意:以上 4 個擴充設定檔中的設定請按照相關原則進行合理配置!
修改完成後儲存退出。
# /usr/local/apache2/bin/apachectl restart
2)查看確認L.A.M.P環境資訊、提升 PHP 安全性
在網站根目錄放置 info.php 指令碼,檢查phpinfo中的各項資訊是否正確。
<?php
phpinfo();
?>
確認 PHP 能夠正常工作後,在 php.ini 中進行設定提升 PHP 安全性,禁掉危險的函數.
# vi /etc/php.ini找到:disable_functions =設定為:phpinfo,passthru,exec,system,chroot,scandir,chgrp,chown,shell_exec,proc_open,proc_get_status,ini_alter,ini_alter,ini_restore,dl,pfsockopen,openlog,syslog,readlink,symlink,popepassthru,stream_socket_server
3)指令碼自動完成初始化配置(以上配置可以用指令碼自動化完成)
#cat init_apache_php.sh
-------------------cut begin-------------------------------------------
#!/bin/bash
#Written by :NetSeek http://www.linuxtone.org
#init_httpd.conf
http_cf="/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf"
sed -i -e "s/User daemon/User www/" -i -e "s/Group daemon/Group www/" $http_cf
sed -i -e '121 s/^/#/' -i -e '122 s/^/#/' $http_cf
sed -i 's#DirectoryIndex index.html# DirectoryIndex index.php index.html index.htm#/g' $http_cf
sed -i -e '374 s/^#//g' -i -e '389 s/^#//g' -i -e '392 s/^#//g' -i -e '401 s/^#//g' $http_cf
#init_php(PHP安全設定及隱藏PHP版本)
php_cf="/usr/local/php/etc/php.ini"
sed -i '205 s#;open_basedir =#open_basedir = /data/www/wwwroot:/tmp#g' $php_cf
sed -i '210 s#disable_functions =#disable_functions = phpinfo,passthru,exec,system,chroot,scandir,chgrp,chown,shell_exec,proc_open,proc_get_status,ini_alter,ini_alter,ini_restore,dl,pfsockopen,openlog,syslog,readlink,symlink,popepassthru,stream_socket_server#g' $php_cf
sed -i '/expose_php/s/On/Off/' $php_cf
sed -i '/display_errors/s/On/Off/' $php_cf
-------------------cut end-------------------------------------------
三、配置虛擬機器主機及基本效能調優
1) 配置虛擬機器主機:
#vi /usr/local/apache2/conf/extra/httpd-vhosts.conf
NameVirtualHost *:80
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin cnseek@gmail.com
DocumentRoot "/data/www/wwwroot/linuxtone.org"
ServerName www.linuxtone.org
ServerAlias bbs.linxutone.org
ErrorLog "logs/dummy-host.example.com-error_log"
CustomLog "|/usr/sbin/cronolog /data/logs/access_www.linuxtone.org.%Y%m%d" combined
</VirtualHost>
2).基本效能調優參考:(更多的調優相關文章請關注:http://bbs.linuxtone.org/index.html 效能調優相關的貼子)
#vi /usr/local/apache2/conf/extra/httpd-default.conf
Timeout 15
KeepAlive Off
MaxKeepAliveRequests 50
KeepAliveTimeout 5
UseCanonicalName Off
AccessFileName .htaccess
ServerTokens Prod
ServerSignature Off
HostnameLookups Off
#vi /usr/local/apache2/conf/extra/httpd-mpm.conf
<IfModule mpm_prefork_module>
ServerLimit 2000
StartServers 10
MinSpareServers 10
MaxSpareServers 15
MaxClients 2000
MaxRequestsPerChild 10000
</IfModule>
3).ApacheTlog相關問題匯總貼(http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-102-1-1.html )
利用awstats分析網站日誌:http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-56-1-1.html
忽略不需要的日誌配置參考具體請據據具體問題分析:
LogFormat "%{X-Forwarded-For}i %l %u %t /"%r/" %>s %b /"%{Referer}i/" /"%{User-Agent}i/"" combined
#下面加入如下內容:
# filter the localhost visit
SetEnvIf Remote_Addr "127/.0/.0/.1" dontlog
# filter some special directories
SetEnvIf Request_URI "^ZendPlatform.*[code]
# filter the localhost visit
SetEnvIf Remote_Addr "127/.0/.0/.1" dontlog
# filter some special directories
SetEnvIf Request_URI "^ZendPlatform.*[ DISCUZ_CODE_9 ]quot; dontlog
SetEnvIf Request_URI /.healthcheck/.html$ dontlog
SetEnvIf Remote_Addr "::1" dontlog
SetEnvIf Request_URI "/.getPing.php[ DISCUZ_CODE_9 ]quot; dontlog
SetEnvIf Request_URI "^/error/.html[ DISCUZ_CODE_9 ]quot; dontlog
SetEnvIf Request_URI "/.gif[ DISCUZ_CODE_9 ]quot; dontlog
SetEnvIf Request_URI "/.jpg[ DISCUZ_CODE_9 ]quot; dontlog
SetEnvIf Request_URI "/.css[ DISCUZ_CODE_9 ]quot; dontlog
quot; dontlog
SetEnvIf Request_URI /.healthcheck/.html$ dontlog
SetEnvIf Remote_Addr "::1" dontlog
SetEnvIf Request_URI "/.getPing.php[ DISCUZ_CODE_9 ]quot; dontlog
SetEnvIf Request_URI "^/error/.html[ DISCUZ_CODE_9 ]quot; dontlog
SetEnvIf Request_URI "/.gif[ DISCUZ_CODE_9 ]quot; dontlog
SetEnvIf Request_URI "/.jpg[ DISCUZ_CODE_9 ]quot; dontlog
SetEnvIf Request_URI "/.css[ DISCUZ_CODE_9 ]quot; dontlog
[/code]4). Apache防盜鏈(Apache防盜鏈相關問題匯總:http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-101-1-1.html )
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http://(www/.)?mydomain.com/.*$ [NC]
RewriteRule /.(gif|jpg)$ http://網站網域名稱/nolink.png [R,L]
四、基本安全設定
1)iptables 封鎖相關連接埠(推薦讀CU白金大哥的兩小時玩轉iptables)
2)SSH全安(修改SSH連接埠限制來源IP登陸,或者參考http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-106-1-1.html )
3)Linux防Arp攻擊策略(http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-41-1-1.html )
4)注意(還是那句老話:安全工作從細節做起!)
五、附錄及相關介紹
1)參考文檔(感謝):
Discuz!公司Nanu先生文章的相關連結:
http://bbs.linuxpk.com/thread-13325-1-2.html
http://www.discuz.net/thread-722804-1-1.html
配置全能WEB(05年文章參考):http://bbs.linuxpk.com/thread-437-1-2.html
LinuxTone.Org(Apache相關問題專題貼):http://bbs.linuxtone.org/thread-88-1-1.html
感謝網友eddiechen提出相關問題!