C++實現動態綁定代碼分享
#include <iostream>#include<string>using namespace std;class BookItem{private: string bookName; size_t cnt;public: BookItem(const string&s,size_t c,double p): bookName(s),cnt(c),price(p) {} ~BookItem(){}protected: double price;public: double bookPrice() { return this->price; } string getBookName() { return this->bookName; } size_t getBookCount() { return this->cnt; } virtual double money() { return cnt*price; } virtual void costMoney() { cout<<money()<<endl; }};class BookBatchItem:public BookItem{private: string bookName; size_t cnt;public: BookBatchItem(const string&s,size_t c,double p,double discountRate): BookItem(s,c,p),cnt(c),discount(discountRate) {} ~BookBatchItem(){}private: double discount;public: double money() { if(cnt>=10) return cnt*price*(1.0-discount); else return cnt*price; } void costMoney() { cout<<money()<<endl;// cout<<cnt<<endl;// cout<<price<<endl;// cout<<discount<<endl;// cout<<"..."<<endl; }};int main(){ BookItem b1("Uncle Tom's house",11,12.5); b1.costMoney(); BookBatchItem b2("Gone with wind",11,12.5,0.12); b2.costMoney(); BookItem* pb=&b1; pb->costMoney(); pb=&b2; pb->costMoney(); return 0;}
只有採用“指標->函數()”或“引用.函數()”的方式調用C++類中的虛函數才會執行動態綁定,非虛函數並不具備動態綁定的特徵,不管採用任何方式調用都不行。
下面代碼中,一個java或者C#的程式員容易犯的一個錯誤。
class Base { public: Base() { p = new char ; } ~Base() { delete p; } private: char * p ; }; class Derived:public Base { public: Derived() { d = new char[10] ; } ~Derived() { delete[] d; } private: char * d ; }; int main() { Base *pA = new Derived(); delete pA ; Derived *pA = new Derived(); delete pA ; }
代碼中:
執行delete pA時,直接執行~Base解構函式,不會執行~Derived解構函式的,原因在於解構函式不是虛函數。
執行delete pB時,先執行~Derived()然後再執行~Base()。
相比之下,java和C#中,所有的函數調用都是動態綁定的。
關於C++的成員函數調用與綁定方式,可以通過下面的代碼測試:
class Base { public: virtual void Func() { cout<<"Base"<<endl; } }; class Derived:public Base { public: virtual void Func() { cout<<"Derived"<<endl; } }; int main() { Derived obj; Base * p1 = &obj; Base & p2 = obj; Base obj2 ; obj.Func() ; //靜態繫結,Derived的func p1->Func(); //動態綁定,Derived的func (*p1).Func(); //動態綁定,Derived的func p2.Func(); //動態綁定,Derived的func obj2.Func(); //靜態繫結,Base的func return 0 ; }
可以看出“對象名.函數()”屬於靜態繫結,當然,使用指標轉換為對象的方式應該屬於指標調用那一類了,至於“類名::函數()”毫無疑問屬於靜態繫結。