目錄
l 導論
l 什麼是委託
l 事件的理解
l 事件 關鍵字
l 最後
導論
在學習C#中的委託和事件程序中,我讀了許多文章來理解他們二者究竟是怎麼一回事,以及如何使用他們,現在我將整個的理解過程陳述以下,我學到的每一方面,恐怕也是你們需要掌握的 :-)。
什麼是委託?
委託和事件這兩個概念是完全配合的。委託僅僅是函數指標,那就是說,它能夠引用函數,通過傳遞地址的機制完成。委託是一個類,當你對它執行個體化時,要提供一個引用函數,將其作為它建構函式的參數。
每一個委託都有自己的簽名,例如:Delegate int SomeDelegate(string s, bool b);是一個委託申明,在這裡,提及的簽名,就是說SomeDelegate 這個委託 有 string 和 bool 類型的形參,返回一個int 類型。
上面提及的:當你對委託執行個體化時,要提供一個引用函數,將其作為它建構函式的參數。這裡要注意了:被引用的這個函數必須和委託有相同的簽名。
看下面的函數:
PRivate int SomeFunction(string str, bool bln){...}
你可以把這個函數傳給SomeDelegate的建構函式,因為他們有相似的簽名(in other Words,他們都有相同的形參類型和個數,並且返回相同的資料類型)。
SomeDelegate sd = new SomeDelegate(SomeFunction);
sd 引用了 SomeFunction,也就是說,SomeFunction已被sd所登記註冊,如果你調用 sd,SomeFunction 這個函數也會被調用,記住:我所說 SomeFunction的含義,後面,我們會用到它。
現在,你應該知道如何使用委託了,讓我們繼續理解事件之旅……
事件的理解
我們知道,在C#中:
l 按鈕(Button)就是一個類,當我們單擊它時,就觸發一次click事件。
l 時鐘(Timer)也是一個類,每過一毫秒,就觸發一次tick事件。
讓我們通過一個例子來學習,假定有這樣的情節:
現在有一個Counter的類,它有一個方法 CountTo(int countTo, int reachableNum),該方法表示:在指定的時間段內(0~~countTo),當到達指定的時間點reachableNum時,就觸發一次NumberReached事件。
它還有一個事件:NumberReached,事件是委託類型的變數。意思是:如果給事件命名,用event關鍵字和要使用的委託類型申明它即可,如下所示:
public event NumberReachedEventHandler NumberReached;
在上面的申明中,NumberReachedEventHandle 僅是一個委託,更確切的表示應該是:NumberReachedDelegate。但是微軟從不這樣認為MouseDelegate或者PaintDelegate,,而是稱謂:MouseEventHandler 或者 PaintEventHandler。所以
NumberReachedEventHandler 比NumberReachedDelegate聽起來更方便一些,OK?好了,讓我們繼續,現在你知道了,在我們聲明事件之前,需要象下面這樣的形式來定義委託:
public delegate void NumberReachedEventHandler(object sender, NumberReachedEventArgs e);
現在聲明的委託 NumberReachedEventHandle,它有一個void 傳回值,和object,NumberReachedEventArgs兩個形參。就像我們在第一節中強調的那樣,當執行個體化委託時,作為實參傳入的函數也必須擁有和委託同樣的簽名。
在你的代碼中, 你是否用過PaintEventArgs 或者 MouseEventArgs來確定滑鼠的移動位置?是否在觸發Paint事件的對象中用過Graphics 屬性?實際上,為使用者提供資料的類都是繼承於System.EventArgs類,就是我們常說的事件參數類,如果事件不提供參數,就不定義該類。在我們的例子中,我們通過下面的類提供預期的時間點。
public class NumberReachedEventArgs : EventArgs
{
private int _reached;
public NumberReachedEventArgs(int num)
{
this._reached = num;
}
public int ReachedNumber
{
get
{
return _reached;
}
}
}
好,有了前面的介紹,讓我們到Counter類裡面看看:
namespace Events
{
public delegate void NumberReachedEventHandler(object sender,
NumberReachedEventArgs e);
/// <summary>
/// Summary description for Counter.
/// </summary>
public class Counter
{
public event NumberReachedEventHandler NumberReached;
public Counter()
{
//
// TODO: Add constructor logic here
//
}
public void CountTo(int countTo, int reachableNum)
{
if(countTo < reachableNum)
throw new ArgumentException(
"reachableNum should be less than countTo");
for(int ctr=0;ctr<=countTo;ctr++)
{
if(ctr == reachableNum)
{
NumberReachedEventArgs e = new NumberReachedEventArgs(
reachableNum);
OnNumberReached(e);
return;//don't count any more
}
}
}
protected virtual void OnNumberReached(NumberReachedEventArgs e)
{
if(NumberReached != null)
{
NumberReached(this, e);//Raise the event
}
}
}
在Counter中,如果到達指定的時間點,就觸發一次事件,有以下幾個方面需要注意:
l 通過調用NumberReached(它是NumberReachedEventHandler委託的執行個體)來完成一次觸發事件。
NumberReached(this, e); 通過這種方式,可以調用所有的註冊函數。
l 通過 NumberReachedEventArgs e = new NumberReachedEventArgs(reachableNum); 為所有的註冊函數提供事件數目據。
l 看了上面的代碼,你可能要問了:為什麼我們直接用 OnNumberReached(NumberReachedEventArgs e)方法來調用NumberReached(this,e),而不用下面的代碼呢?
if(ctr == reachableNum)
{
NumberReachedEventArgs e = new NumberReachedEventArgs(reachableNum);
//OnNumberReached(e);
if(NumberReached != null)
{
NumberReached(this, e);//Raise the event
}
return;//don't count any more
}
這個問題問得很好,那就讓我們再看一下OnNumberReached 簽名:
protected virtual void OnNumberReached(NumberReachedEventArgs e)
①你也明白 關鍵字protected限定了 只有從該類繼承的類才能調用該類中的所有方法。
②關鍵字 virtual 表明了 在繼承類中可以重寫該方法。
這兩點非常有用,假設你在寫一個從Counter繼承而來的類,通過重寫OnNumberReached 方法,你可以在事件觸發之前,進行一次其他的工作。
protected override void OnNumberReached(NumberReachedEventArgs e)
{
//Do additional work
base.OnNumberReached(e);
}
注意:如果你沒有調用base.OnNumberReached(e), 那麼從不會觸發這個事件!在你繼承該類而想剔出它的一些其他事件時,使用該方式是非常有用的。
l 還要注意到:委託 NumberReachedEventHandler 是在類定義的外部,命名空間內定義的,對所有類來說是可見的。
好,該我們來實際操作使用Counter類了。
在我們簡單的應用程式中,我們有兩個文字框,分別是:txtCountTo和txtReachable:
下面是btnRun的click事件:
private void btnRun_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
if(txtCountTo.Text == "" || txtReachable.Text=="")
return;
oCounter.CountTo(Convert.ToInt32(txtCountTo.Text), Convert.ToInt32(txtReachable.Text));
}
private void oCounter_NumberReached(object sender, NumberReachedEventArgs e)
{
MessageBox.Show("Reached: " + e.ReachedNumber.ToString());
}
初始化事件處理的文法如下:
oCounter = new Counter();
oCounter.NumberReached += new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached);
現在你明白了你剛才所做的一切,僅僅初始化 NumberReachedEventHandler 委託類型的對象(就像你執行個體化其他對象一樣),注意到 oCounter_NumberReached 方法的簽名與我前面提到的相似。
還要注意我們用的是+= 而不是=;這是因為委託是特殊的對象,它可以引用多個對象(在這裡是指它可以引用多個函數)。For example 如果有另外一個
和oCounter_NumberReached一樣具有相同簽名的函數oCounter_NumberReached2,這兩個函數都可以被引用:
oCounter = new Counter();
oCounter.NumberReached += new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached);
oCounter.NumberReached += new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached2);
現在,觸發一個事件後,上面兩個函數被依次調用。
視情況而定,如果你想讓oCounter_NumberReached2在NumberReached事件發生後不再被調用,可以簡單地這樣寫:oCounter.NumberReached -= new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached2);
最後 讓我們看一下完整的原始碼,以供參考:
Form1.cs
using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Collections;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Data;
namespace Events
{
/**//// <summary>
/// Summary description for Form1.
/// </summary>
public class Form1 : System.Windows.Forms.Form
{
Counter oCounter = null;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button cmdRun;
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtReachable;
private System.Windows.Forms.TextBox txtCountTo;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label1;
private System.Windows.Forms.Label label2;
private System.Windows.Forms.Button btnRemoveDelegate;
/**//// <summary>
/// Required designer variable.
/// </summary>
private System.ComponentModel.Container components = null;
public Form1()
{
//
// Required for Windows Form Designer support
//
InitializeComponent();
//
// TODO: Add any constructor code after InitializeComponent call
//
oCounter = new Counter();
oCounter.NumberReached += new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached);
oCounter.NumberReached += new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached2);
}
/**//// <summary>
/// Clean up any resources being used.
/// </summary>
protected override void Dispose( bool disposing )
{
if( disposing )
{
if (components != null)
{
components.Dispose();
}
}
base.Dispose( disposing );
}
Windows Form Designer generated code#region Windows Form Designer generated code
/**//// <summary>
/// Required method for Designer support - do not modify
/// the contents of this method with the code editor.
/// </summary>
private void InitializeComponent()
{
this.cmdRun = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.txtReachable = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.txtCountTo = new System.Windows.Forms.TextBox();
this.label1 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.label2 = new System.Windows.Forms.Label();
this.btnRemoveDelegate = new System.Windows.Forms.Button();
this.SuspendLayout();
//
// cmdRun
//
this.cmdRun.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(16, 72);
this.cmdRun.Name = "cmdRun";
this.cmdRun.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(48, 23);
this.cmdRun.TabIndex = 2;
this.cmdRun.Text = "Run";
this.cmdRun.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.cmdRun_Click);
//
// txtReachable
//
this.txtReachable.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(144, 40);
this.txtReachable.Name = "txtReachable";
this.txtReachable.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(56, 20);
this.txtReachable.TabIndex = 1;
this.txtReachable.Text = "";
//
// txtCountTo
//
this.txtCountTo.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(144, 16);
this.txtCountTo.Name = "txtCountTo";
this.txtCountTo.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(56, 20);
this.txtCountTo.TabIndex = 0;
this.txtCountTo.Text = "";
//
// label1
//
this.label1.AutoSize = true;
this.label1.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(16, 16);
this.label1.Name = "label1";
this.label1.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(51, 13);
this.label1.TabIndex = 3;
this.label1.Text = "Count To";
//
// label2
//
this.label2.AutoSize = true;
this.label2.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(16, 40);
this.label2.Name = "label2";
this.label2.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(99, 13);
this.label2.TabIndex = 4;
this.label2.Text = "Reach this number";
//
// btnRemoveDelegate
//
this.btnRemoveDelegate.Location = new System.Drawing.Point(16, 104);
this.btnRemoveDelegate.Name = "btnRemoveDelegate";
this.btnRemoveDelegate.Size = new System.Drawing.Size(168, 23);
this.btnRemoveDelegate.TabIndex = 5;
this.btnRemoveDelegate.Text = "Remove second handler";
this.btnRemoveDelegate.Click += new System.EventHandler(this.btnRemoveDelegate_Click);
//
// Form1
//
this.AutoScaleBaseSize = new System.Drawing.Size(5, 13);
this.ClientSize = new System.Drawing.Size(224, 134);
this.Controls.AddRange(new System.Windows.Forms.Control[] {
this.btnRemoveDelegate,
this.label2,
this.label1,
this.txtCountTo,
this.txtReachable,
this.cmdRun});
this.Name = "Form1";
this.Text = "Events";
this.ResumeLayout(false);
}
#endregion
/**//// <summary>
/// The main entry point for the application.
/// </summary>
[STAThread]
static void Main()
{
Application.Run(new Form1());
}
private void btnRun_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
if(txtCountTo.Text == "" || txtReachable.Text=="")
return;
oCounter.CountTo(Convert.ToInt32(txtCountTo.Text), Convert.ToInt32(txtReachable.Text));
}
private void oCounter_NumberReached(object sender, NumberReachedEventArgs e)
{
MessageBox.Show("Reached: " + e.ReachedNumber.ToString());
}
private void oCounter_NumberReached2(object sender, NumberReachedEventArgs e)
{
MessageBox.Show("Reached2: " + e.ReachedNumber.ToString());
}
private void btnRemoveDelegate_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
oCounter.NumberReached -= new NumberReachedEventHandler(oCounter_NumberReached2);
oCounter.CountTo(Convert.ToInt32(txtCountTo.Text), Convert.ToInt32(txtReachable.Text));
}
}
}
Counter.cs
using System;
namespace Events
{
public delegate void NumberReachedEventHandler(object sender, NumberReachedEventArgs e);
/**//// <summary>
/// Summary description for Counter.
/// </summary>
public class Counter
{
public event NumberReachedEventHandler NumberReached;
public Counter()
{
//
// TODO: Add constructor logic here
//
}
public void CountTo(int countTo, int reachableNum)
{
if(countTo < reachableNum)
throw new ArgumentException("reachableNum should be less than countTo");
for(int ctr=0;ctr<=countTo;ctr++)
{
if(ctr == reachableNum)
{
NumberReachedEventArgs e = new NumberReachedEventArgs(reachableNum);
OnNumberReached(e);
return;//don't count any more
}
}
}
protected virtual void OnNumberReached(NumberReachedEventArgs e)
{
if(NumberReached!=null)
{
NumberReached(this, e);
}
}
}
public class NumberReachedEventArgs : EventArgs
{
private int _reached;
public NumberReachedEventArgs(int num)
{
this._reached = num;
}
public int ReachedNumber
{
get
{
return _reached;
}
}
}
}
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