Python設計模式之單例模式執行個體

來源:互聯網
上載者:User
註:使用的是Python 2.7。

一個簡單實現
複製代碼 代碼如下:


class Foo(object):
__instance = None
def __init__(self):
pass
@classmethod
def getinstance(cls):
if(cls.__instance == None):
cls.__instance = Foo()
return cls.__instance

if __name__ == '__main__':
foo1 = Foo.getinstance()
foo2 = Foo.getinstance()
print id(foo1)
print id(foo2)
print id(Foo())


輸出的前兩個結果是相同的(id(foo1)與id(foo2)的值相同),第三個結果和前兩個不同。這裡類方法getinstance()用於擷取單例,但是類本身也可以執行個體化,這樣的方式其實並不符合單例模式的要求。但是這樣做也有好處,代碼簡單,大家約定好這樣子調用就行了。但是最好在類的命名上也體現了出來這是一個單例類,例如Foo_singleton。

換一個思路

先說一下init和new的區別:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


class Foo(object):
__instance = None
def __init__(self):
print 'init'
if __name__ == '__main__':
foo = Foo()


運行結果是:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


init


而下面的樣本:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


class Foo(object):
__instance = None
def __init__(self):
print 'init'
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
print 'new'

if __name__ == '__main__':
foo = Foo()


運行結果是:
複製代碼 代碼如下:

new

new是一個類方法,會建立對象時調用。而init方法是在建立完對象後調用,對當前對象的執行個體做一些一些初始化,無傳回值。如果重寫了new而在new裡面沒有調用init或者沒有返回執行個體,那麼init將不起作用。以下內容引用自http://docs.python.org/2/reference/datamodel.html#object.new
複製代碼 代碼如下:


If __new__() returns an instance of cls, then the new instance's __init__() method will be invoked like __init__(self[, ...]), where self is the new instance and the remaining arguments are the same as were passed to __new__().

If __new__() does not return an instance of cls, then the new instance's __init__() method will not be invoked.


這樣做:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


class Foo(object):
__instance = None
def __init__(self):
print 'init'

def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
print 'new'
if cls.__instance == None:
cls.__instance = cls.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
return cls.__instance

if __name__ == '__main__':
foo = Foo()

錯誤如下:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded in cmp

而這樣也有一樣的錯誤:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


class Foo(object):
__instance = None
def __init__(self):
if self.__class__.__instance == None:
self.__class__.__instance = Foo()
print 'init'

if __name__ == '__main__':
foo = Foo()


該怎麼做呢?

下面參考了http://stackoverflow.com/questions/31875/is-there-a-simple-elegant-way-to-define-singletons-in-python/31887#31887:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


class Foo(object):
__instance = None
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
print 'hhhhhhhhh'
if not cls.__instance:
cls.__instance = super(Foo, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
return cls.__instance

def hi(self):
print 'hi, world'
print 'hi, letian'

if __name__ == '__main__':
foo1 = Foo()
foo2 = Foo()
print id(foo1)
print id(foo2)
print isinstance(foo1, object)
print isinstance(foo1, Foo)
foo1.hi()


運行結果:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


hhhhhhhhh
hhhhhhhhh
39578896
39578896
True
True
hi, world
hi, letian


那麼,到底發生了什麼,我們先回顧一下super:

複製代碼 代碼如下:


>>> print super.__doc__
super(type) -> unbound super object
super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type)
super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type)
Typical use to call a cooperative superclass method:
class C(B):
def meth(self, arg):
super(C, self).meth(arg)


可以肯定上面的單例模式代碼中的這一行代碼:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


cls.__instance = super(Foo, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)


super(Foo, cls)是object,super(Foo, cls).new方法使用的是object的new方法。我們看一下object.new方法的作用:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


>>> print object.__new__.__doc__
T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T

如果是一個繼承鏈
複製代碼 代碼如下:


class Fo(object):
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
print 'hi, i am Fo'
return super(Fo, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)

class Foo(Fo):
__instance = None
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not cls.__instance:
print Foo is cls
print issubclass(cls, Fo)
print issubclass(cls, object)
cls.__instance = super(Foo, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
return cls.__instance

def hi(self):
print 'hi, world'

if __name__ == '__main__':
foo1 = Foo()
foo1.hi()
print isinstance(foo1, Foo)
print isinstance(foo1, Fo)
print isinstance(foo1, object)


運行結果如下:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


True
True
True
hi, i am Fo
hi, world
True
True
True


如果如下定義Fo,也正常運行:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


class Fo(object):
pass


但是,若這樣定義:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


class Fo(object):
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
print 'hi, i am Fo'


運行時報錯如下:
複製代碼 代碼如下:


AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'hi'
  • 聯繫我們

    該頁面正文內容均來源於網絡整理,並不代表阿里雲官方的觀點,該頁面所提到的產品和服務也與阿里云無關,如果該頁面內容對您造成了困擾,歡迎寫郵件給我們,收到郵件我們將在5個工作日內處理。

    如果您發現本社區中有涉嫌抄襲的內容,歡迎發送郵件至: info-contact@alibabacloud.com 進行舉報並提供相關證據,工作人員會在 5 個工作天內聯絡您,一經查實,本站將立刻刪除涉嫌侵權內容。

    A Free Trial That Lets You Build Big!

    Start building with 50+ products and up to 12 months usage for Elastic Compute Service

    • Sales Support

      1 on 1 presale consultation

    • After-Sales Support

      24/7 Technical Support 6 Free Tickets per Quarter Faster Response

    • Alibaba Cloud offers highly flexible support services tailored to meet your exact needs.