解讀ASP.NET 5 & MVC6系列教程(8):Session與Caching_自學過程

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在之前的版本中,Session存在於System.Web中,新版ASP.NET 5中由於不在依賴於System.Web.dll庫了,所以相應的,Session也就成了ASP.NET 5中一個可配置的模組(middleware)了。

配置啟用Session

ASP.NET 5中的Session模組存在於Microsoft.AspNet.Session類庫中,要啟用Session,首先需要在project.json中的dependencies節點中添加如下內容:

"Microsoft.AspNet.Session": "1.0.0-beta3"

然後在ConfigureServices中添加Session的引用(並進行配置):

services.AddCaching(); // 這兩個必須同時添加,因為Session依賴於Cachingservices.AddSession();//services.ConfigureSession(null); 可以在這裡配置,也可以再後面進行配置

最後在Configure方法中,開啟使用Session的模式,如果在上面已經配置過了,則可以不再傳入配置資訊,否則還是要像上面的配置資訊一樣,傳入Session的配置資訊,代碼如下:

app.UseInMemorySession(configure:s => { s.IdleTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30); });//app.UseSession(o => { o.IdleTimeout = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30); });//app.UseInMemorySession(null, null); //開啟記憶體Session//app.UseDistributedSession(null, null);//開啟分布式Session,也即持久化Session//app.UseDistributedSession(new RedisCache(new RedisCacheOptions() { Configuration = "localhost" }));

對於UseInMemorySession方法,接收2個選擇性參數,分別是:IMemoryCache可用於修改Session資料的預設儲存地址;Action<SessionOptions>委託則可以讓你修改預設選項,比如Session cookie的路徑、預設的到期時間等。本例中,我們修改預設到期時間為30分鐘。

注意:該方法必須在app.UseMvc之前調用,否則在Mvc裡擷取不到Session,而且會出錯。

擷取和設定Session

擷取和設定Session對象,一般是在Controller的action裡通過this.Context.Session來擷取的,其擷取的是一個基於介面ISessionCollection的執行個體。該介面可以通過索引、Set、TryGetValue等方法進行Session值的擷取和設定,但我們發現在擷取和設定Session的時候,我們只能使用byte[]類型,而不能像之前版本的Session一樣可以設定任意類型的資料。原因是因為,新版本的Session要支援在遠程伺服器上儲存,就需要支援序列化,所以才強制要求儲存為byte[]類型。所以我們在儲存Session的時候,需要將其轉換為byte[]才能進行儲存,並且擷取以後要再次將byte[]轉換為自己的原有的類型才行。這種形式太麻煩了,好在微軟在Microsoft.AspNet.Http命名空間(所屬Microsoft.AspNet.Http.Extensions.dll中)下,為我們添加了幾個擴充方法,分別用於設定和儲存byte[]類型、int類型、以及string類型,代碼如下:

public static byte[] Get(this ISessionCollection session, string key);public static int? GetInt(this ISessionCollection session, string key);public static string GetString(this ISessionCollection session, string key);public static void Set(this ISessionCollection session, string key, byte[] value);public static void SetInt(this ISessionCollection session, string key, int value);public static void SetString(this ISessionCollection session, string key, string value);

所以,在Controller裡引用Microsoft.AspNet.Http命名空間以後,我們就可以通過如下代碼進行Session的設定和擷取了:

Context.Session.SetString("Name", "Mike");Context.Session.SetInt("Age", 21);ViewBag.Name = Context.Session.GetString("Name");ViewBag.Age = Context.Session.GetInt("Age");

自訂類型的Session設定和擷取

前面我們說了,要儲存自訂類型的Session,需要將其類型轉換成byte[]數組才行,在本例中,我們對bool類型的Session資料進行設定和擷取的代碼,樣本如下:

public static class SessionExtensions{ public static bool? GetBoolean(this ISessionCollection session, string key) {  var data = session.Get(key);  if (data == null)  {   return null;  }  return BitConverter.ToBoolean(data, 0); }  public static void SetBoolean(this ISessionCollection session, string key, bool value) {  session.Set(key, BitConverter.GetBytes(value)); }}

定義bool類型的擴充方法以後,我們就可以像SetInt/GetInt那樣進行使用了,樣本如下:

Context.Session.SetBoolean("Liar", true);ViewBag.Liar = Context.Session.GetBoolean("Liar");

另外,ISessionCollection介面上還提供了Remove(string key)和Clear()兩個方法分別用於刪除某個Session值和清空所有的Session值的功能。但同時也需要注意,該介面並沒提供之前版本中的Abandon方法功能。

基於Redis的Session管理

使用分布式Session,其主要工作就是將Session儲存的地方從原來的記憶體換到分布式儲存上,本節,我們以Redis儲存為例來講解分布式Session的處理。

先查看使用分布式Session的擴充方法,樣本如下,我們可以看到,其Session容器需要是一個支援IDistributedCache的介面樣本。

public static IApplicationBuilder UseDistributedSession([NotNullAttribute]this IApplicationBuilder app, IDistributedCache cache, Action<SessionOptions> configure = null);

該介面是緩衝Caching的通用介面,也就是說,只要我們實現了緩衝介面,就可以將其用於Session的管理。進一步查看該介面發現,該介面中定義的Set方法還需要實現一個ICacheContext類型的緩衝上下文(以便在調用的時候讓其它程式進行委託調用),介面定義分別如下:

public interface IDistributedCache{ void Connect(); void Refresh(string key); void Remove(string key); Stream Set(string key, object state, Action<ICacheContext> create); bool TryGetValue(string key, out Stream value);}public interface ICacheContext{ Stream Data { get; } string Key { get; } object State { get; } void SetAbsoluteExpiration(TimeSpan relative); void SetAbsoluteExpiration(DateTimeOffset absolute); void SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan offset);}

接下來,我們基於Redis來實現上述功能,建立RedisCache類,並繼承IDistributedCache,引用StackExchange.Redis程式集,然後實現IDistributedCache介面的所有方法和屬性,代碼如下:

using Microsoft.Framework.Cache.Distributed;using Microsoft.Framework.OptionsModel;using StackExchange.Redis;using System;using System.IO;namespace Microsoft.Framework.Caching.Redis{ public class RedisCache : IDistributedCache {  // KEYS[1] = = key  // ARGV[1] = absolute-expiration - ticks as long (-1 for none)  // ARGV[2] = sliding-expiration - ticks as long (-1 for none)  // ARGV[3] = relative-expiration (long, in seconds, -1 for none) - Min(absolute-expiration - Now, sliding-expiration)  // ARGV[4] = data - byte[]  // this order should not change LUA script depends on it  private const string SetScript = (@"    redis.call('HMSET', KEYS[1], 'absexp', ARGV[1], 'sldexp', ARGV[2], 'data', ARGV[4])    if ARGV[3] ~= '-1' then     redis.call('EXPIRE', KEYS[1], ARGV[3])     end    return 1");  private const string AbsoluteExpirationKey = "absexp";  private const string SlidingExpirationKey = "sldexp";  private const string DataKey = "data";  private const long NotPresent = -1;  private ConnectionMultiplexer _connection;  private IDatabase _cache;  private readonly RedisCacheOptions _options;  private readonly string _instance;  public RedisCache(IOptions<RedisCacheOptions> optionsAccessor)  {   _options = optionsAccessor.Options;   // This allows partitioning a single backend cache for use with multiple apps/services.   _instance = _options.InstanceName ?? string.Empty;  }  public void Connect()  {   if (_connection == null)   {    _connection = ConnectionMultiplexer.Connect(_options.Configuration);    _cache = _connection.GetDatabase();   }  }  public Stream Set(string key, object state, Action<ICacheContext> create)  {   Connect();   var context = new CacheContext(key) { State = state };   create(context);   var value = context.GetBytes();   var result = _cache.ScriptEvaluate(SetScript, new RedisKey[] { _instance + key },    new RedisValue[]    {     context.AbsoluteExpiration?.Ticks ?? NotPresent,     context.SlidingExpiration?.Ticks ?? NotPresent,     context.GetExpirationInSeconds() ?? NotPresent,     value    });   // TODO: Error handling   return new MemoryStream(value, writable: false);  }  public bool TryGetValue(string key, out Stream value)  {   value = GetAndRefresh(key, getData: true);   return value != null;  }  public void Refresh(string key)  {   var ignored = GetAndRefresh(key, getData: false);  }  private Stream GetAndRefresh(string key, bool getData)  {   Connect();   // This also resets the LRU status as desired.   // TODO: Can this be done in one operation on the server side? Probably, the trick would just be the DateTimeOffset math.   RedisValue[] results;   if (getData)   {    results = _cache.HashMemberGet(_instance + key, AbsoluteExpirationKey, SlidingExpirationKey, DataKey);   }   else   {    results = _cache.HashMemberGet(_instance + key, AbsoluteExpirationKey, SlidingExpirationKey);   }   // TODO: Error handling   if (results.Length >= 2)   {    // Note we always get back two results, even if they are all null.    // These operations will no-op in the null scenario.    DateTimeOffset? absExpr;    TimeSpan? sldExpr;    MapMetadata(results, out absExpr, out sldExpr);    Refresh(key, absExpr, sldExpr);   }   if (results.Length >= 3 && results[2].HasValue)   {    return new MemoryStream(results[2], writable: false);   }   return null;  }  private void MapMetadata(RedisValue[] results, out DateTimeOffset? absoluteExpiration, out TimeSpan? slidingExpiration)  {   absoluteExpiration = null;   slidingExpiration = null;   var absoluteExpirationTicks = (long?)results[0];   if (absoluteExpirationTicks.HasValue && absoluteExpirationTicks.Value != NotPresent)   {    absoluteExpiration = new DateTimeOffset(absoluteExpirationTicks.Value, TimeSpan.Zero);   }   var slidingExpirationTicks = (long?)results[1];   if (slidingExpirationTicks.HasValue && slidingExpirationTicks.Value != NotPresent)   {    slidingExpiration = new TimeSpan(slidingExpirationTicks.Value);   }  }  private void Refresh(string key, DateTimeOffset? absExpr, TimeSpan? sldExpr)  {   // Note Refresh has no effect if there is just an absolute expiration (or neither).   TimeSpan? expr = null;   if (sldExpr.HasValue)   {    if (absExpr.HasValue)    {     var relExpr = absExpr.Value - DateTimeOffset.Now;     expr = relExpr <= sldExpr.Value ? relExpr : sldExpr;    }    else    {     expr = sldExpr;    }    _cache.KeyExpire(_instance + key, expr);    // TODO: Error handling   }  }  public void Remove(string key)  {   Connect();   _cache.KeyDelete(_instance + key);   // TODO: Error handling  } }}

在上述代碼中,我們使用了自訂類RedisCacheOptions作為Redis的配置資訊類,為了實現基於POCO的配置定義,我們還繼承了IOptions介面,該類的定義如下:

public class RedisCacheOptions : IOptions<RedisCacheOptions>{ public string Configuration { get; set; } public string InstanceName { get; set; } RedisCacheOptions IOptions<RedisCacheOptions>.Options {  get { return this; } } RedisCacheOptions IOptions<RedisCacheOptions>.GetNamedOptions(string name) {  return this; }}

第三部,定義委託調用時使用的緩衝上下文類CacheContext,具體代碼如下:

using Microsoft.Framework.Cache.Distributed;using System;using System.IO;namespace Microsoft.Framework.Caching.Redis{ internal class CacheContext : ICacheContext {  private readonly MemoryStream _data = new MemoryStream();  internal CacheContext(string key)  {   Key = key;   CreationTime = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;  }  /// <summary>  /// The key identifying this entry.  /// </summary>  public string Key { get; internal set; }  /// <summary>  /// The state passed into Set. This can be used to avoid closures.  /// </summary>  public object State { get; internal set; }  public Stream Data { get { return _data; } }  internal DateTimeOffset CreationTime { get; set; } // 可以讓委託設定建立時間  internal DateTimeOffset? AbsoluteExpiration { get; private set; }  internal TimeSpan? SlidingExpiration { get; private set; }  public void SetAbsoluteExpiration(TimeSpan relative) // 可以讓委託設定相對到期時間  {   if (relative <= TimeSpan.Zero)   {    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("relative", relative, "The relative expiration value must be positive.");   }   AbsoluteExpiration = CreationTime + relative;  }  public void SetAbsoluteExpiration(DateTimeOffset absolute) // 可以讓委託設定絕對到期時間  {   if (absolute <= CreationTime)   {    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("absolute", absolute, "The absolute expiration value must be in the future.");   }   AbsoluteExpiration = absolute.ToUniversalTime();  }  public void SetSlidingExpiration(TimeSpan offset) // 可以讓委託設定offset到期時間  {   if (offset <= TimeSpan.Zero)   {    throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("offset", offset, "The sliding expiration value must be positive.");   }   SlidingExpiration = offset;  }  internal long? GetExpirationInSeconds()  {   if (AbsoluteExpiration.HasValue && SlidingExpiration.HasValue)   {    return (long)Math.Min((AbsoluteExpiration.Value - CreationTime).TotalSeconds, SlidingExpiration.Value.TotalSeconds);   }   else if (AbsoluteExpiration.HasValue)   {    return (long)(AbsoluteExpiration.Value - CreationTime).TotalSeconds;   }   else if (SlidingExpiration.HasValue)   {    return (long)SlidingExpiration.Value.TotalSeconds;   }   return null;  }  internal byte[] GetBytes()  {   return _data.ToArray();  } }}

最後一步定義,RedisCache中需要的根據key鍵擷取緩衝值的快捷方法,代碼如下:

using StackExchange.Redis;using System;namespace Microsoft.Framework.Caching.Redis{ internal static class RedisExtensions {  private const string HmGetScript = (@"return redis.call('HMGET', KEYS[1], unpack(ARGV))");  internal static RedisValue[] HashMemberGet(this IDatabase cache, string key, params string[] members)  {   var redisMembers = new RedisValue[members.Length];   for (int i = 0; i < members.Length; i++)   {    redisMembers[i] = (RedisValue)members[i];   }   var result = cache.ScriptEvaluate(HmGetScript, new RedisKey[] { key }, redisMembers);   // TODO: Error checking?   return (RedisValue[])result;  } }}

至此,所有的工作就完成了,將該緩衝實現註冊為Session的provider的代碼方法如下:

app.UseDistributedSession(new RedisCache(new RedisCacheOptions(){ Configuration = "此處填寫 redis的地址", InstanceName = "此處填寫自訂執行個體名"}), options =>{ options.CookieHttpOnly = true;});

參考:http://www.mikesdotnetting.com/article/270/sessions-in-asp-net-5

關於Caching

預設情況下,本機快取使用的是IMemoryCache介面的樣本,可以通過擷取該介面的樣本來對本機快取進行操作,範例程式碼如下:

var cache = app.ApplicationServices.GetRequiredService<IMemoryCache>();var obj1 = cache.Get("key1");bool obj2 = cache.Get<bool>("key2");

對於,分布式緩衝,由於AddCaching,預設將IMemoryCache執行個體作為分布式緩衝的provider了,代碼如下:

public static class CachingServicesExtensions{ public static IServiceCollection AddCaching(this IServiceCollection collection) {  collection.AddOptions();  return collection.AddTransient<IDistributedCache, LocalCache>()   .AddSingleton<IMemoryCache, MemoryCache>(); }}

所以,要使用新的分布式Caching實現,我們需要註冊自己的實現,代碼如下:

services.AddTransient<IDistributedCache, RedisCache>();services.Configure<RedisCacheOptions>(opt =>{ opt.Configuration = "此處填寫 redis的地址"; opt.InstanceName = "此處填寫自訂執行個體名";});

基本的使用方法如下:

var cache = app.ApplicationServices.GetRequiredService<IDistributedCache>();cache.Connect();var obj1 = cache.Get("key1"); //該對象是流,需要將其轉換為強型別,或自己再編寫擴充方法var bytes = obj1.ReadAllBytes();

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