IOS開發:在Swift中使用JavaScript的方法和技巧
在RedMonk發布的2015年1月程式設計語言熱門排行榜中,Swift採納率排名迅速飆升,從剛剛面世時的68位躍至22位,Objective-C仍然穩居TOP10,而JavaScript則憑藉著其在iOS平台上原生體驗優勢成為了年度最火熱的程式設計語言。
而早在2013年蘋果發布的OS X Mavericks和iOS 7兩大系統中便均已加入了JavaScriptCore架構,能夠讓開發人員輕鬆、快捷、安全地使用JavaScript語言編寫應用。不論叫好叫罵,JavaScript霸主地位已成事實。開發人員們趨之若鶩,JS工具資源層出不窮,用於OSX和iOS系統等高速虛擬機器也蓬勃發展起來。
JSContext/JSValue
JSContext即JavaScript代碼的運行環境。一個Context就是一個JavaScript代碼執行的環境,也叫範圍。當在瀏覽器中運行JavaScript代碼時,JSContext就相當於一個視窗,能輕鬆執行建立變數、運算乃至定義函數等的JavaScript代碼:
//Objective-C
JSContext *context = [[JSContext alloc] init];
[context evaluateScript:@"var num = 5 + 5"];
[context evaluateScript:@"var names = ['Grace', 'Ada', 'Margaret']"];
[context evaluateScript:@"var triple = function(value) { return value * 3 }"];
JSValue *tripleNum = [context evaluateScript:@"triple(num)"];
//Swift
let context = JSContext()
context.evaluateScript("var num = 5 + 5")
context.evaluateScript("var names = ['Grace', 'Ada', 'Margaret']")
context.evaluateScript("var triple = function(value) { return value * 3 }")
let tripleNum: JSValue = context.evaluateScript("triple(num)")
像JavaScript這類動態語言需要一個動態類型(Dynamic Type), 所以正如代碼最後一行所示,JSContext裡不同的值均封裝在JSValue對象中,包括字串、數值、數組、函數等,甚至還有Error以及null和undefined。
JSValue包含了一系列用於擷取Underlying Value的方法,如下表所示:
想要檢索上述樣本中的tripleNum值,只需使用相應的方法即可:
//Objective-C
NSLog(@"Tripled: %d", [tripleNum toInt32]);
// Tripled: 30
//Swift
println("Tripled: \(tripleNum.toInt32())")
// Tripled: 30
下標值 (Subscripting Values)
通過在JSContext和JSValue執行個體中使用下標符號可以輕鬆擷取上下文環境中已存在的值。其中,JSContext放入對象和數組的只能是字串下標,而JSValue則可以是字串或整數下標。
//Objective-C
JSValue *names = context[@"names"];
JSValue *initialName = names[0];
NSLog(@"The first name: %@", [initialName toString]);
// The first name: Grace
//Swift
let names = context.objectForKeyedSubscript("names")
let initialName = names.objectAtIndexedSubscript(0)
println("The first name: \(initialName.toString())")
// The first name: Grace
而Swift語言畢竟才誕生不久,所以並不能像Objective-C那樣自如地運用下標符號,目前,Swift的方法僅能實現objectAtKeyedSubscript()和objectAtIndexedSubscript()等下標。
函數調用 (Calling Functions)
我們可以將Foundation類作為參數,從Objective-C/Swift代碼上直接調用封裝在JSValue的JavaScript函數。這裡,JavaScriptCore再次發揮了銜接作用。
//Objective-C
JSValue *tripleFunction = context[@"triple"];
JSValue *result = [tripleFunction callWithArguments:@[@5] ];
NSLog(@"Five tripled: %d", [result toInt32]);
//Swift
let tripleFunction = context.objectForKeyedSubscript("triple")
let result = tripleFunction.callWithArguments([5])
println("Five tripled: \(result.toInt32())")
異常處理 (Exception Handling)
JSContext還有一個獨門絕技,就是通過設定上下文環境中exceptionHandler的屬性,可以檢查和記錄文法、類型以及出現的執行階段錯誤。exceptionHandler是一個回調處理常式,主要接收JSContext的reference,進行異常情況處理。
//Objective-C
context.exceptionHandler = ^(JSContext *context, JSValue *exception) {
NSLog(@"JS Error: %@", exception);
};
[context evaluateScript:@"function multiply(value1, value2) { return value1 * value2 "];
// JS Error: SyntaxError: Unexpected end of script
//Swift
context.exceptionHandler = { context, exception in
println("JS Error: \(exception)")
}
context.evaluateScript("function multiply(value1, value2) { return value1 * value2 ")
// JS Error: SyntaxError: Unexpected end of script
JavaScript函數調用
瞭解了從JavaScript環境中擷取不同值以及調用函數的方法,那麼反過來,如何在JavaScript環境中擷取Objective-C或者Swift定義的自訂對象和方法呢?要從JSContext中擷取本地用戶端代碼,主要有兩種途徑,分別為Blocks和JSExport協議。
Blocks (塊)
在JSContext中,如果Objective-C代碼塊賦值為一個標識符,JavaScriptCore就會自動將其封裝在JavaScript函數中,因而在JavaScript上使用Foundation和Cocoa類就更方便些——這再次驗證了JavaScriptCore強大的銜接作用。現在CFStringTransform也能在JavaScript上使用了,如下所示:
//Objective-C
context[@"simplifyString"] = ^(NSString *input) {
NSMutableString *mutableString = [input mutableCopy];
CFStringTransform((__bridge CFMutableStringRef)mutableString, NULL, kCFStringTransformToLatin, NO);
CFStringTransform((__bridge CFMutableStringRef)mutableString, NULL, kCFStringTransformStripCombiningMarks, NO);
return mutableString;
};
NSLog(@"%@", [context evaluateScript:@"simplifyString('?????!')"]);
//Swift
let simplifyString: @objc_block String -> String = { input in
var mutableString = NSMutableString(string: input) as CFMutableStringRef
CFStringTransform(mutableString, nil, kCFStringTransformToLatin, Boolean(0))
CFStringTransform(mutableString, nil, kCFStringTransformStripCombiningMarks, Boolean(0))
return mutableString
}
context.setObject(unsafeBitCast(simplifyString, AnyObject.self), forKeyedSubscript: "simplifyString")
println(context.evaluateScript("simplifyString('?????!')"))
// annyeonghasaeyo!
需要注意的是,Swift的speedbump只適用於Objective-C block,對Swift閉包無用。要在一個JSContext裡使用閉包,有兩個步驟:一是用@objc_block來聲明,二是將Swift的knuckle-whitening unsafeBitCast()函數轉換為 AnyObject。
記憶體管理 (Memory Management)
代碼塊可以捕獲變數引用,而JSContext所有變數的強引用都保留在JSContext中,所以要注意避免迴圈強引用問題。另外,也不要在代碼塊中捕獲JSContext或任何JSValues,建議使用[JSContext currentContext]來擷取當前的Context對象,根據具體需求將值當做參數傳入block中。
JSExport協議
藉助JSExport協議也可以在JavaScript上使用自訂對象。在JSExport協議中聲明的執行個體方法、類方法,不論屬性,都能自動與JavaScrip互動。文章稍後將介紹具體的實踐過程。
JavaScriptCore實踐
我們可以通過一些例子更好地瞭解上述技巧的使用方法。先定義一個遵循JSExport子協議PersonJSExport的Person model,再用JavaScript在JSON中建立和填入執行個體。有整個JVM,還要NSJSONSerialization幹什麼?
PersonJSExports和Person
Person類執行的PersonJSExports協議具體規定了可用的JavaScript屬性。,在建立時,類方法必不可少,因為JavaScriptCore並不適用於初始化轉換,我們不能像對待原生的JavaScript類型那樣使用var person = new Person()。
//Objective-C
// in Person.h -----------------
@class Person;
@protocol PersonJSExports @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *firstName;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *lastName;
@property NSInteger ageToday;
- (NSString *)getFullName;
// create and return a new Person instance with `firstName` and `lastName`
+ (instancetype)createWithFirstName:(NSString *)firstName lastName:(NSString *)lastName;
@end
@interface Person : NSObject @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *firstName;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *lastName;
@property NSInteger ageToday;
@end
// in Person.m -----------------
@implementation Person
- (NSString *)getFullName {
return [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@ %@", self.firstName, self.lastName];
}
+ (instancetype) createWithFirstName:(NSString *)firstName lastName:(NSString *)lastName {
Person *person = [[Person alloc] init];
person.firstName = firstName;
person.lastName = lastName;
return person;
}
@end
//Swift
// Custom protocol must be declared with `@objc`
@objc protocol PersonJSExports : JSExport {
var firstName: String { get set }
var lastName: String { get set }
var birthYear: NSNumber? { get set }
func getFullName() -> String
/// create and return a new Person instance with `firstName` and `lastName`
class func createWithFirstName(firstName: String, lastName: String) -> Person
}
// Custom class must inherit from `NSObject`
@objc class Person : NSObject, PersonJSExports {
// properties must be declared as `dynamic`
dynamic var firstName: String
dynamic var lastName: String
dynamic var birthYear: NSNumber?
init(firstName: String, lastName: String) {
self.firstName = firstName
self.lastName = lastName
}
class func createWithFirstName(firstName: String, lastName: String) -> Person {
return Person(firstName: firstName, lastName: lastName)
}
func getFullName() -> String {
return "\(firstName) \(lastName)"
}
}
配置JSContext
建立Person類之後,需要先將其匯出到JavaScript環境中去,同時還需匯入Mustache JS庫,以便對Person對象應用模板。
//Objective-C
// export Person class
context[@"Person"] = [Person class];
// load Mustache.js
NSString *mustacheJSString = [NSString stringWithContentsOfFile:... encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:nil];
[context evaluateScript:mustacheJSString];
//Swift
// export Person class
context.setObject(Person.self, forKeyedSubscript: "Person")
// load Mustache.js
if let mustacheJSString = String(contentsOfFile:..., encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding, error:nil) {
context.evaluateScript(mustacheJSString)
}
JavaScript資料&處理
以下簡單列出一個JSON範例,以及用JSON來建立新Person執行個體。
注意:JavaScriptCore實現了Objective-C/Swift的方法名和JavaScript代碼互動。因為JavaScript沒有命名好的參數,任何額外的參數名稱都採取駝峰命名法(Camel-Case),並附加到函數名稱上。在此樣本中,Objective-C的方法createWithFirstName:lastName:在JavaScript中則變成了createWithFirstNameLastName()。
//JSON
[
{ "first": "Grace", "last": "Hopper", "year": 1906 },
{ "first": "Ada", "last": "Lovelace", "year": 1815 },
{ "first": "Margaret", "last": "Hamilton", "year": 1936 }
]
//JavaScript
var loadPeopleFromJSON = function(jsonString) {
var data = JSON.parse(jsonString);
var people = [];
for (i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
var person = Person.createWithFirstNameLastName(data[i].first, data[i].last);
person.birthYear = data[i].year;
people.push(person);
}
return people;
}
動手一試
現在你只需載入JSON資料,並在JSContext中調用,將其解析到Person對象數組中,再用Mustache模板渲染即可:
//Objective-C
// get JSON string
NSString *peopleJSON = [NSString stringWithContentsOfFile:... encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding error:nil];
// get load function
JSValue *load = context[@"loadPeopleFromJSON"];
// call with JSON and convert to an NSArray
JSValue *loadResult = [load callWithArguments:@[peopleJSON]];
NSArray *people = [loadResult toArray];
// get rendering function and create template
JSValue *mustacheRender = context[@"Mustache"][@"render"];
NSString *template = @"{{getFullName}}, born {{birthYear}}";
// loop through people and render Person object as string
for (Person *person in people) {
NSLog(@"%@", [mustacheRender callWithArguments:@[template, person]]);
}
// Output:
// Grace Hopper, born 1906
// Ada Lovelace, born 1815
// Margaret Hamilton, born 1936
//Swift
// get JSON string
if let peopleJSON = NSString(contentsOfFile:..., encoding: NSUTF8StringEncoding, error: nil) {
// get load function
let load = context.objectForKeyedSubscript("loadPeopleFromJSON")
// call with JSON and convert to an array of `Person`
if let people = load.callWithArguments([peopleJSON]).toArray() as? [Person] {
// get rendering function and create template
let mustacheRender = context.objectForKeyedSubscript("Mustache").objectForKeyedSubscript("render")
let template = "{{getFullName}}, born {{birthYear}}"
// loop through people and render Person object as string
for person in people {
println(mustacheRender.callWithArguments([template, person]))
}
}
}
// Output:
// Grace Hopper, born 1906
// Ada Lovelace, born 1815
// Margaret Hamilton, born 1936