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做web開發的人對於Filter應該不會陌生,一直在很簡單的使用,但是一直沒有系統的總結一下,隨著年紀的慢慢長大,喜歡總結一些事情,下面說說我對Filter的理解,官方給出的Filter的定義是在請求一個資源或者從一個資源返回資訊的時候執行過濾操作的外掛程式。我們使用過濾起最多的情境估計就是在請求和返回時候的字元集轉換,或者許可權控制,比如一個使用者沒有登入不能請求某些資源。下面看一下Filter的集中類型:
- Authentication Filters
- Logging and Auditing Filters
- Image conversion Filters
- Data compression Filters
- Encryption Filters
- Tokenizing Filters
- Filters that trigger resource access events
- XSL/T filters
- Mime-type chain Filter
Filters是在web.xml中配置的外掛程式,Servlets和Filters相互沒有依賴,如果通過編輯web.xml來添加和刪除過濾器。
實現過濾器非常簡單,只需要實現javax.servlet.Filter介面,就可以實現一個過濾器,Filter介面定義的方法如下:
- void init(FilterConfig filterConfig))--在filter被載入到service中的時候被container調用,Servlet container執行個體化完filter以後立即調用Filter的init方法,init方法中的工作必須在執行過濾過濾任務之前正確的完成。
在以下情況下web container不能把filter載入到service中:
-
- 拋出ServletException異常。
- 在container定義的時間內沒有返回。
- void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain)--Filter中的doFilter方法在每次request/response時候會被container調用,能夠傳遞到doFilter中的request或者response可以傳遞到Filter環中的下一個環節。 此時的Filter在設計模式中被稱作責任鏈模式結構,這裡面抽象處理者的角色就是javax.servlet.Filter這個介面,註冊的所有Filter是具體的處理者,在doFilter方法中實現具體處理邏輯,在這裡面責任鏈是一條直線,構成這條直線的就是所有註冊的Filter。
- destroy--當filter從service中移除的時候,container調用destroy方法,通過調用這個方法,釋放Filter所佔有的系統資源。
如何在web.xml中配置Filter
1 <filter>2 <display-name>EcodingFilter</display-name>3 <filter-name>EcodingFilter</filter-name>4 <filter-class>org.nb.filter.EnCodeFilter</filter-class>5 <init-param>6 <param-name>EncodeCoding</param-name>7 <param-value>UTF-8</param-value>8 </init-param>9 </filter>
我們可以使用如下方法來給Filter匹配指定的servlet 資源或者url-pattern:
1 <filter-mapping>2 <filter-name>EcodingFilter</filter-name>3 <servlet-name>*</servlet-name>4 <url-pattern>*</url-pattern>5 </filter-mapping>
在這裡需要注意的是,在給servlet註冊filter環,container首先處理的是url-patterns,然後才處理servlet-names,所以如果要對filter的執行順序有要求,那麼在此需要注意。下面我們建立一個web工程,來實踐一下Filter:
web.xml內容:
1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> 2 <web-app xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" 3 xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" 4 xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd" 5 version="3.0"> 6 <display-name>FilterTest</display-name> 7 <welcome-file-list> 8 <welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file> 9 </welcome-file-list>10 <filter>11 <display-name>EcodingFilter</display-name>12 <filter-name>EcodingFilter</filter-name>13 <filter-class>org.nb.filter.EnCodeFilter</filter-class>14 <init-param>15 <param-name>EncodeCoding</param-name>16 <param-value>UTF-8</param-value>17 </init-param>18 </filter>19 <filter-mapping>20 <filter-name>EcodingFilter</filter-name>21 <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>22 <url-pattern>*</url-pattern>23 </filter-mapping>24 <servlet>25 <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>26 <servlet-class></servlet-class>27 </servlet>28 <servlet-mapping>29 <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>30 <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>31 </servlet-mapping>32 </web-app>
HelloServlet.java內容:
1 package org.nb.action; 2 3 import java.io.IOException; 4 import java.io.PrintWriter; 5 6 import javax.servlet.ServletException; 7 import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet; 8 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; 9 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;10 import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;11 12 @WebServlet("/helloServlet")13 public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {14 private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;15 16 protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,17 HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException {18 PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();19 out.println("<font color=red>Hello.</font>");20 }21 }
EnCodeFilter.xm內容:
1 package org.nb.filter; 2 3 import java.io.IOException; 4 import java.util.Enumeration; 5 import java.util.HashMap; 6 import java.util.Map; 7 8 import javax.servlet.Filter; 9 import javax.servlet.FilterChain;10 import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;11 import javax.servlet.ServletException;12 import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;13 import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;14 15 public class EnCodeFilter implements Filter {16 17 Map<String, String> params = new HashMap<String, String>();18 19 @Override20 public void destroy() {21 System.out.println("EncodeFilter destroy");22 }23 24 @Override25 public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response,26 FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {27 String encodeCoding = params.get("EncodeCoding");28 request.setCharacterEncoding(encodeCoding);29 response.setCharacterEncoding(encodeCoding);30 chain.doFilter(request, response);31 System.out.println("EncodeFilter doFilter");32 }33 34 @Override35 public void init(FilterConfig cfg) throws ServletException {36 Enumeration<String> names = cfg.getInitParameterNames();37 while (names.hasMoreElements()) {38 String name = names.nextElement();39 params.put(name, cfg.getInitParameter(name));40 }41 System.out.println("EncodeFilter init");42 }43 44 }
在tomcat啟動的時候Console輸出的內容:
三月 24, 2014 5:56:12 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.AprLifecycleListener init資訊: The APR based Apache Tomcat Native library which allows optimal performance in production environments was not found on the java.library.path: E:\Program Files\Java\jre7\bin;C:\Windows\Sun\Java\bin;C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Program Files (x86)\M1 Licensing;C:\Program Files\Broadcom\Broadcom 802.11 Network Adapter\Driver;C:\Program Files (x86)\NVIDIA Corporation\PhysX\Common;C:\PROGRAM FILES (X86)\INTEL\ICLS CLIENT\;C:\PROGRAM FILES\INTEL\ICLS CLIENT\;C:\Windows\SYSTEM32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\SYSTEM32\WBEM;C:\Windows\SYSTEM32\WINDOWSPOWERSHELL\V1.0\;C:\PROGRAM FILES (X86)\INTEL\OPENCL SDK\2.0\BIN\X86;C:\PROGRAM FILES (X86)\INTEL\OPENCL SDK\2.0\BIN\X64;C:\PROGRAM FILES\INTEL\INTEL(R) MANAGEMENT ENGINE COMPONENTS\DAL;C:\PROGRAM FILES\INTEL\INTEL(R) MANAGEMENT ENGINE COMPONENTS\IPT;C:\PROGRAM FILES (X86)\INTEL\INTEL(R) MANAGEMENT ENGINE COMPONENTS\DAL;C:\PROGRAM FILES (X86)\INTEL\INTEL(R) MANAGEMENT ENGINE COMPONENTS\IPT;C:\PROGRAM FILES (X86)\LENOVO\ACCESS CONNECTIONS\;C:\Program Files\WIDCOMM\Bluetooth Software\;C:\Program Files\WIDCOMM\Bluetooth Software\syswow64;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\OpenCL SDK\3.0\bin\x86;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\OpenCL SDK\3.0\bin\x64;E:\Ruby200\bin;E:\Program Files\TortoiseSVN\bin;E:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Utilities 1.3.4\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft\Web Platform Installer\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft ASP.NET\ASP.NET Web Pages\v1.0\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.0\Windows Performance Toolkit\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\110\Tools\Binn\;E:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.7.0_40\bin;C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SQL Server\100\Tools\Binn\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\100\Tools\Binn\;C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\100\DTS\Binn\;F:\instantclient;.;;.;;.三月 24, 2014 5:56:12 下午 org.apache.tomcat.util.digester.SetPropertiesRule begin警告: [SetPropertiesRule]{Server/Service/Engine/Host/Context} Setting property ‘source‘ to ‘org.eclipse.jst.jee.server:FilterTest‘ did not find a matching property.三月 24, 2014 5:56:13 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocolHandler init資訊: Initializing ProtocolHandler ["http-bio-8080"]三月 24, 2014 5:56:13 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocolHandler init資訊: Initializing ProtocolHandler ["ajp-bio-8009"]三月 24, 2014 5:56:13 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina load資訊: Initialization processed in 1031 ms三月 24, 2014 5:56:13 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService startInternal資訊: Starting service Catalina三月 24, 2014 5:56:13 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine startInternal資訊: Starting Servlet Engine: Apache Tomcat/7.0.8EncodeFilter init三月 24, 2014 5:56:13 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig deployDirectory資訊: Deploying web application directory docs三月 24, 2014 5:56:13 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig deployDirectory資訊: Deploying web application directory examples三月 24, 2014 5:56:13 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log資訊: ContextListener: contextInitialized()三月 24, 2014 5:56:13 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log資訊: SessionListener: contextInitialized()三月 24, 2014 5:56:13 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig deployDirectory資訊: Deploying web application directory host-manager三月 24, 2014 5:56:13 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig deployDirectory資訊: Deploying web application directory manager三月 24, 2014 5:56:14 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig deployDirectory資訊: Deploying web application directory ROOT三月 24, 2014 5:56:14 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocolHandler start資訊: Starting ProtocolHandler ["http-bio-8080"]三月 24, 2014 5:56:14 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocolHandler start資訊: Starting ProtocolHandler ["ajp-bio-8009"]三月 24, 2014 5:56:14 下午 org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina start資訊: Server startup in 978 ms
其中有filter,init方法的輸出,下面建立一個index.html檔案,內容如下:
1 <!DOCTYPE html> 2 <html> 3 <head> 4 <meta charset="UTF-8"> 5 <title>Insert title here</title> 6 </head> 7 <body> 8 <form action="http://localhost:8080/FilterTest/helloServlet" method="post"> 9 <input type="submit" value="Login">10 </form>11 </body>12 </html>
點擊index.html頁面的按鈕,
此時Console輸出內容:
1 EncodeFilter doFilter
每次請求都會有這樣一條輸出。
關閉tomcat的時候,注意觀察Console輸出的內容:
三月 24, 2014 6:08:33 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer await資訊: A valid shutdown command was received via the shutdown port. Stopping the Server instance.三月 24, 2014 6:08:33 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocolHandler pause資訊: Pausing ProtocolHandler ["http-bio-8080"]三月 24, 2014 6:08:34 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocolHandler pause資訊: Pausing ProtocolHandler ["ajp-bio-8009"]三月 24, 2014 6:08:35 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService stopInternal資訊: Stopping service CatalinaEncodeFilter destroy三月 24, 2014 6:08:36 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log資訊: SessionListener: contextDestroyed()三月 24, 2014 6:08:36 下午 org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log資訊: ContextListener: contextDestroyed()三月 24, 2014 6:08:37 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocolHandler stop資訊: Stopping ProtocolHandler ["http-bio-8080"]三月 24, 2014 6:08:37 下午 org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocolHandler stop資訊: Stopping ProtocolHandler ["ajp-bio-8009"]
此時Fileter的Destroy方法被調用。Filter的生命週期結束。這篇文章中包含一些資訊,如Server,Service,Container等,可能有些人跟我一樣開始的時候對此很不瞭解,如果這樣大家可以查一下Tomcat等web容器的工作原理,如果有什麼地方我說的不清楚,或者有錯誤,那麼請提醒我,謝謝。
參考:http://www.journaldev.com/1933/java-servlet-filter-example-tutorial
Java Servlet Filter