Linux shell指令碼編程if語句的使用方法(條件判斷)_linux shell

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if 語句格式
if  條件
then
 Command
else
 Command
fi        別忘了這個結尾
If語句忘了結尾fi
test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi     if 的三種條件運算式

if
command
then if
 函數
then
 命令執行成功,等於返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配)
執行失敗,返回非0 (grep,沒找到匹配)
if [ expression_r_r_r  ]
then    運算式結果為真,則返回0,if把0值引向then
if test expression_r_r_r
then   運算式結果為假,則返回非0,if把非0值引向then      
   [ ] &&  ——快捷if
[ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"
   && 可以理解為then
    如果左邊的運算式為真則執行右邊的語句       shell的if與c語言if的功能上的區別

 shell if      c語言if
0為真,走then   正好相反,非0走then
 不支援整數變數直接if
必須:if [ i –ne 0 ] 但支援字串變數直接if
if [ str ] 如果字串非0
 支援變數直接if
if (i ) 


 以多條command或者函數作為if 條件

複製代碼 代碼如下:

echo –n “input:”
read user if
多條指令,這些命令之間相當於“and”(與)
grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null     
who -u | grep $user
then             上邊的指令都執行成功,傳回值$?為0,0為真,運行then
 echo "$user has logged"
else     指令執行失敗,$?為1,運行else                           
 echo "$user has not logged"
fi  
# sh test.sh
input : macg
macg     pts/0        May 15 15:55   .          2075 (192.168.1.100)
macg has logged

# sh test.sh
input : ddd
ddd has not logged       以函數作為if條件  (函數就相當於command,函數的優點是其return值可以自訂)

if
以函數作為if條件,
getyn
then   函數reture值0為真,走then
echo " your answer is yes"
else  函數return值非0為假,走else
echo "your anser is no"
fi      if command  等價於 command+if $?

$ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh if
cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
then
echo found
else
echo "no found"
fi
 $ vi testsh.sh
#!/bin/sh cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
if [ $? -eq 0 ]
then
echo $?
echo found
else
echo $?
echo "no found"
fi
$ sh testsh.sh
no found    $ sh testsh.sh
1
no found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file $ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
found
$ vi 111-tmp.txt
that is 222file
thisting1 is 111file $ sh testsh.sh
thisting1 is 111file
0
found
 

傳統if 從句子——以條件運算式作為 if條件

複製代碼 代碼如下:

if [ 條件運算式 ]
then
 command
 command
 command
else
 command
 command
fi


 條件運算式

if [ -f  file ]    如果檔案存在
if [ -d ...   ]    如果目錄存在
if [ -s file  ]    如果檔案存在且非空
if [ -r file  ]    如果檔案存在且可讀
if [ -w file  ]    如果檔案存在且可寫
if [ -x file  ]    如果檔案存在且可執行  
if [ int1 -eq int2 ]    如果int1等於int2  
if [ int1 -ne int2 ]    如果不等於   
if [ int1 -ge int2 ]       如果>=
if [ int1 -gt int2 ]       如果>
if [ int1 -le int2 ]       如果<=
if [ int1 -lt int2 ]       如果<
  

字串Variant 運算式

複製代碼 代碼如下:

If  [ $a = $b ]                 如果string1等於string2
                                字串允許使用賦值號做等號
if  [ $string1 !=  $string2 ]   如果string1不等於string2      
if  [ -n $string  ]             如果string 非空(非0),返回0(true) 
if  [ -z $string  ]             如果string 為空白
if  [ $sting ]                  如果string 非空,返回0 (和-n類似)         條件運算式引用變數要帶$

if [ a = b ] ;then   
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
no equal  (等於運算式沒比較$a和$b,而是比較和a和b,自然a!=b) 改正:
if [ $a = $b ] ;then      
echo equal
else
echo no equal
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
5
input b:
5
equal                                                                                   
  -eq  -ne  -lt  -nt只能用於整數,不適用於字串,字串等於用賦值號=
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo -n "input your choice:"
read var
if  [ $var -eq "yes" ]
then
echo $var
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh
input your choice:
y
test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected
                       期望整數形式,即-eq不支援字串     =放在別的地方是賦值,放在if [ ] 裡就是字串等於,shell裡面沒有==的,那是c語言的等於
   無空格的字串,可以加" ",也可以不加

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
echo "input a:"
read a
echo "input is $a"
if [ $a = 123 ] ; then
echo equal123
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
input is 123
equal123      = 作為等於時,其兩邊都必須加空格,否則失效
等號也是操作符,必須和其他變數,關鍵字,用空格格開 (等號做賦值號時正好相反,兩邊不能有空格)

[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var="yes" ]
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"
read var
if [ $var = "yes" ]   在等號兩邊加空格
then
echo $var
echo "input is correct"
else
echo $var
echo "input error"
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input is correct
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:

n
input is correct
輸錯了也走then,都走then,為什麼?
因為if把$var="yes"連讀成一個變數,而此變數為空白,返回1,則走else   [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y
input error
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no                      
no
input error
一切正常     If  [  $ANS  ]     等價於  if [ -n $ANS ]
      如果字串變數非空(then) , 空(else)

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS if [ $ANS ]
then
echo no empty
else
echo empth
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:                       斷行符號

empth                                    說明“斷行符號”就是空串
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
34
no empty  
    整數條件運算式,大於,小於,shell裡沒有> 和< ,會被當作角括弧,只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input a:"
read a
if  [ $a -ge 100 ] ; then
echo 3bit
else
echo 2bit
fi
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
20
2bit  整數操作符號-ge,-gt,-le,-lt, 別忘了加-

if  test $a  ge 100 ; then [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected
if  test $a -ge 100 ; then [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input a:
123
3bit

  邏輯非 !   條件運算式的相反
if [ ! 運算式 ]
if [ ! -d $num ]    如果不存在目錄$num
    邏輯與 –a      條件運算式的並列
if [ 運算式1  –a  運算式2 ]
    邏輯或 -o      條件運算式的或
if [ 運算式1  –o 運算式2 ]

   邏輯運算式

    運算式與前面的=  != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用
    邏輯符號就正常的接其他運算式,沒有任何括弧( ),就是並列
if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]
    注意邏輯與-a與邏輯或-o很容易和其他字串或檔案的運算子號搞混了
  最常見的賦值形式,賦值前對=兩邊的變數都進行評測
左邊測變數是否為空白,右邊測目錄(值)是否存在(值是否有效)

 

複製代碼 代碼如下:

[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh
:
echo "input the num:"
read num
echo "input is $num" if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]   如果變數$JHHOME為空白,且$HOME/$num目錄存在
then
JHHOME=$HOME/$num                      則賦值
fi
echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME" 
-----------------------
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:

input is ppp
JHHOME is 目錄-d $HOME/$num   不存在,所以$JHHOME沒被then賦值
[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp
[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
input the num:

input is ppp
JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp     一個-o的例子,其中卻揭示了”=”必須兩邊留空格的問題

echo "input your choice:"
read ANS if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi
echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:

y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no
y
為什麼輸入不是yes,結果仍是y(走then)
因為=被連讀了,成了變數$ANS="Yes",而變數又為空白,所以走else了
[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"
read ANS    echo "input your choice:"
read ANS
if [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]
then
ANS="y"
else
ANS="n"
fi
echo $ANS
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
no

[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
yes
y
[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
input your choice:
y
y ===================以  test 條件運算式 作為if條件===================================
    if test $num -eq 0      等價於   if [ $num –eq 0 ]
    test  運算式,沒有 [  ]
if test $num -eq 0               
then
echo "try again"
else
echo "good"
fi
    man test

[macg@machome ~]$ man test
[(1)                             User Commands                            [(1) SYNOPSIS
       test EXPRESSION
       [ EXPRESSION ]
       [-n] STRING
              the length of STRING is nonzero          -n和直接$str都是非0條件
       -z STRING
              the length of STRING is zero
       STRING1 = STRING2
              the strings are equal
       STRING1 != STRING2
              the strings are not equal
       INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2
       INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2
       INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2
       INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2
       INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2
       INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
              INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2
       FILE1 -nt FILE2
              FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2
       FILE1 -ot FILE2
              FILE1 is older than FILE2
       -b FILE
              FILE exists and is block special
       -c FILE
              FILE exists and is character special
       -d FILE
              FILE exists and is a directory
       -e FILE
              FILE exists                                 檔案存在
       -f FILE
              FILE exists and is a regular file     檔案存在且是普通檔案
       -h FILE
              FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)
       -L FILE
              FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)
       -G FILE
              FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID
       -O FILE
              FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID
       -p FILE
              FILE exists and is a named pipe
       -s FILE
              FILE exists and has a size greater than zero
       -S FILE
              FILE exists and is a socket
       -w FILE
              FILE exists and is writable
       -x FILE
FILE exists and is executable

  最常用的簡化if語句

 && 如果是“前面”,則“後面”
 

複製代碼 代碼如下:

[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid    檢查 檔案是否存在,如果存在就刪掉

  ||   如果不是“前面”,則後面
 

複製代碼 代碼如下:

[ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0    檢驗檔案是否存在,如果存在就退出 

 用簡化 if 和$1,$2,$3來檢測參數,不合理就調用help
 

複製代碼 代碼如下:

[ -z "$1" ] && help                 如果第一個參數不存在(-z  字串長度為0 )
[ "$1" = "-h" ] && help                        如果第一個參數是-h,就顯示help

例子

複製代碼 代碼如下:

#!/bin/sh
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
cp ifcfg-eth0.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1

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