MySQL基本知識及練習(5)

標籤：mysql   函數   約束   關聯關係   

1.求一個班級數學平均分。
(1). select sum(math) / count(math) as 數學平均分
 from student;

(2). select avg(math) as 數學平均分
 from student;

 (3).select avg(name) as 小明平均分
 from student;//0

2.求一個班級總分平均分。
 (1).select (sum(chinese)+sum(math)+sum(english))  /  count(*)
 from student; 
 
 (2).select avg(chinese+math+english)
 from student;

3.求班級語文最高分和最低分。
select max(name),min(name)
from student;

drop table if exists teacher;
create table teacher(
   id int,
   name varchar(20),
   birthday date
);

insert into teacher(id,name,birthday) values(1,‘jack‘,‘2011-1-1‘);
insert into teacher(id,name,birthday) values(2,‘marry‘,‘2011-2-2‘);
insert into teacher(id,name,birthday) values(3,‘sisi‘,‘2011-3-3‘);

select max(birthday),min(birthday)
from teacher;

4.對訂單表中商品歸類後，顯示每一類商品的總價
select product as 類別名,sum(price) as 商品類別總價
from orders
group by product;

5.查詢購買了幾類商品，並且每類總價大於100的商品
select product as 類別名,sum(price) as 商品類別總價
from orders
group by product
having sum(price) > 100;

6.where v.s. having區別：

where主要用於行過濾器
having主要用於類別過濾器，通常有having就一定出現group by,但有group by的地方，不一定出現having。hving可以說是針對結果集在進行查詢的。

drop table if exists teacher;
create table teacher(
   id int primary key auto_increment,
   name varchar(20) not null unique,
   birthday date
);
insert into teacher(name,birthday) values(NULL,‘2011-1-1‘);
insert into teacher(name,birthday) values(‘marry‘,‘2011-2-2‘);
insert into teacher(id,name,birthday) values(3,‘sisi‘,‘2011-3-3‘);

select max(birthday),min(birthday)
from teacher;

7.刪除主鍵，主鍵在表中只有一個，要麼是一列，要麼是多列
alter table teacher drop primary key;

8.一對一關聯性(方案一)：
drop table if exists card;
drop table if exists person;

create table person(
 id int primary key auto_increment,
 name varchar(20) not null
);

insert into person(name) values(‘jack‘);
insert into person(name) values(‘marry‘);

create table card(
 id int primary key auto_increment,
 location varchar(20) not null,
 pid int,
 constraint pid_FK foreign key(pid) references person(id)
);

insert into card(location,pid) values(‘BJ‘,1);
insert into card(location,pid) values(‘GZ‘,2);
insert into card(location,pid) values(‘CS‘,NULL);
insert into card(location,pid) values(‘NJ‘,3);//出錯

//刪除person表的某記錄
delete from person where name = ‘jack‘;

9.一對一關聯性(方案二)：
drop table if exists card;
drop table if exists person;

create table person(
 id int primary key auto_increment,
 name varchar(20) not null
);
insert into person(name) values(‘jack‘);
insert into person(name) values(‘marry‘);

create table card(
 id int primary key auto_increment,
 location varchar(20) not null,
 constraint id_FK foreign key(id) references person(id)
);
insert into card(location) values(‘BJ‘);
insert into card(location) values(‘GZ‘);
insert into card(location) values(‘CS‘);//出錯
insert into card(location) values(NULL);

10.一對多/多對一關聯性：
drop table if exists employee;
drop table if exists department;

create table department(
 id int primary key auto_increment,
 name varchar(20) not null
);
insert into department(name) values(‘軟體部‘);
insert into department(name) values(‘銷售部‘);

create table employee(
 id int primary key auto_increment,
 name varchar(20) not null,
 did int,
 constraint did_FK foreign key(did) references department(id)
);
insert into employee(name,did) values(‘jack‘,1);
insert into employee(name,did) values(‘marry‘,1);

11.問題？查詢"軟體部"的所有員工（組合式）
select d.name as 部門名,e.name as 員工名
from department as d,employee as e
where d.name = ‘軟體部‘;

思考：還有沒有其它方法？

分解：
(1)select id from department where name=‘軟體部‘;
(2)select name from employee where did = 1;
(總)嵌入式SQL
 
  select name as 員工 
  from employee 
  where did = (
select id 
from department 
where name=‘軟體部‘
  );

12.多對多關係：
drop table if exists middle;
drop table if exists student;
drop table if exists teacher;

create table if not exists student(
 id int primary key auto_increment,
 name varchar(20) not null
);
insert into student(name) values(‘jack‘);
insert into student(name) values(‘marry‘);

create table if not exists teacher(
 id int primary key auto_increment,
 name varchar(20) not null
);
insert into teacher(name) values(‘趙‘);
insert into teacher(name) values(‘蔡‘);

create table if not exists middle(
 sid int,
 tid int,
 constraint sid_FK foreign key(sid) references student(id),
 constraint tid_FK foreign key(tid) references teacher(id),
 primary key(sid,tid)
);
insert into middle(sid,tid) values(1,1);
insert into middle(sid,tid) values(1,2);
insert into middle(sid,tid) values(2,1);
insert into middle(sid,tid) values(2,2);

13.問題？查詢"趙"所教過的所有學員
select t.name as 老師, s.name as 學員
from teacher as t,student as s,middle as m
where t.name = ‘趙‘and m.sid=s.id and m.tid=t.id;

14.模式：
select 列出需要顯示的欄位
from 列出所涉及到的所有表，建議寫別名
where 業務條件 and 表關聯條件

15.使用MySQL特有函數：
到年底還有幾少天？
select datediff(‘2011-12-31‘,now()); 

16.截取字串
select substring(‘mysql‘,1,2); //從1開始

17.保留小數點後2位(四捨五入)
select format(3.1415926535657989,3);  

18.向下取整(截取)
select floor(3.14);
select floor(-3.14);
select floor(3.54);
select floor(-3.54);

19.取隨機值
select format(rand(),2);

20.取1-6之間的隨機整數值
select floor(rand()*6) + 1;
 
21.MySQL擴充知識：
查MySQL文檔，利用MySQL的函數：隨機產生‘a‘-‘z‘之間的隨機字元。
隨機產生‘a‘-‘z‘之間的隨機字元
(1)查詢‘a‘-‘z‘對應的Unicode值
   select ascii(‘a‘);//97
   select ascii(‘z‘);//122

(2)產生97-122之間的隨機整數
   select floor(rand()*26)+97;

(3)產生97-122對應的字元
   select char(floor(rand()*26)+97);

22.查MySQL文檔，利用MySQL的函數：對密碼‘123456‘進行MD5加密。
select md5(‘123456‘);

drop table user;
create table user(
 id int primary key auto_increment,
 name varchar(20),
 gender varchar(6),
 salary float
);
insert into user(name,gender,salary) values(‘jack‘,‘male‘,4000);
insert into user(name,gender,salary) values(‘marry‘,‘female‘,5000);
insert into user(name,gender,salary) values(‘jim‘,‘male‘,6000);
insert into user(name,gender,salary) values(‘tom‘,‘male‘,7000);
insert into user(name,gender,salary) values(‘soso‘,‘female‘,NULL);
insert into user(name,gender,salary) values(‘haha‘,‘female‘,3500);
insert into user(name,gender,salary) values(‘hehe‘,‘female‘,4500);
select * from user;

23.MySQL特有流程式控制制函數：
1) if(value,第一值,第二值);
value為真，取第一值，否則取第二值
將5000元（含）以上的員工標識為"高薪"，否則標識為"起薪"
類似於Java中的三目運算子

select if(salary>=5000,‘高薪‘,‘起薪‘)
from user;

2) ifnull(value1,value2)
value1為NULL，用value2替代
將薪水為NULL的員工標識為"無薪"

select name as 員工,ifnull(salary,‘無薪‘) as 薪水情況
from user;

3) case when [value] then [result1] else [result2] end;
當value運算式的值為true時，取result1的值，否則取result2的值(if...else...)
將5000元（含）以上的員工標識為"高薪"，否則標識為"起薪"

select 
case when salary>=5000 then ‘高薪‘
        else ‘起薪‘ end
from user; 

4) case [express] when [value1] then [result1] when [value2] then [result2] else [result3] end;
當express滿足value1時，取result1的值，滿足value2時，取result2的值，否則取result3的值(switch...case..)
將7000元的員工標識為"高薪"，6000元的員工標識為"中薪",5000元則標識為"起薪"，否則標識為"低薪"

select 
case salary 
when 7000 then ‘高薪‘
when 6000 then ‘中薪‘
when 5000 then ‘起薪‘
else ‘低薪‘ end
from user;

25.查詢相同性別的員工總人數>2的工資總和，並按工資總和降序排列
select count(*) as 員人數,gender as 性別,sum(salary) as 工資和
from user
                group by gender
having count(*)>2
  order by sum(salary) desc;

26.將性別為男的員工工資-1000，性別為女的員工工資+1000,在一條SQL上完成
select if(gender=‘female‘,salary+1000,salary-1000) as 工資 from user; 

27.常用函數舉例

       select now();
select year(now());
select month(now());
select day(now());
select floor(datediff(now(),‘1999-01-01’)/365);//間隔年
select format(rand(),2);
select floor(rand()*5)+1;[1-5]隨機值
select length(trim(‘  jack  ‘));
select strcmp(‘a‘,‘w‘);

總結：

1 .關係的完整性

  (1)實體(行)完整性：每條記錄有一個唯一識別碼，通常用無任何業務含義的欄位表示
  (2)參照完整性：一張（A）表的某個欄位必須引用另一張（B）表的某個欄位值，而且B表             的欄位必須先存在。
  (3)域(列)完整性：域即單中繼資料，域中的數值必須符合一定的規則，例如欄位的值域、字            段的類型等的約束。     


2 鍵的概念
  (1)主鍵：只有唯一欄位
  (2)組合主鍵：由多個欄位組合起來，形成唯一欄位
  (3)外鍵：針對多張表之間的關聯


3 主鍵的特點
  (1)主鍵不能重複
  (2)主鍵不能為NULL
  (3)auto_increment是MySQL特有的，預設從1開始，該ID值與表同生亡
  (4)多人項目中，通常使用UUID來產生唯一的主鍵值，便於多個合并資料時依然保持實體完整性


4 唯一約束的特點
  (1)非NULL值不能重複
  (2)可以插入多個NULL值
  (3)‘NULL‘空串和NULL是不同的概念 


5 非空約束特點
  (1)不能插入NULL值
  (2)主鍵約束=非NULL約束+唯一約束


6 外健特點
  (1)外鍵值必須來源於所引用別一個表主鍵值，或NULL
  
7 關聯關係
  (1)一對一(外健根業務有關)  
  (2)一對多或多對一(外鍵放置在多方)

  (3)多對多(外健放置在關聯表中，即將一個多對多拆分成二個一對多關聯性)

8.常用函數:
（1）.日期函數：

2.數學函數：

3.字串函數