標籤:
MySQL主鍵自動產生表設計MySQL有許多主鍵建置原則,其中很常見的一種是自動產生。一般情況下,主鍵類型是BIGINT UNSIGNED,自動產生主鍵的關鍵詞是AUTO_INCREMENT。
CREATE TABLE Stock (id BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, NO VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, price DECIMAL(6,2) NOT NULL,UNIQUE KEY Stock_NO (NO), INDEX Stock_Name(name)) ENGINE = InnoDB;
JPA主鍵映射
@Entity@Table(name = "Stock", uniqueConstraints = { @UniqueConstraint(name = "Stock_NO", columnNames = { "NO" })},indexes = { @Index(name = "Stock_Name", columnList = "name")})public class Stock {private long id; private String no; private String name; private double price; @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)public long getId() {return id;}public void setId(long id) {this.id = id;} @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY):實體主鍵建置原則是自動產生,相容MySQL主鍵自動建置原則,關鍵詞是AUTO_INCREMENT。若是MySQL主鍵沒有指定AUTO_INCREMENT,報出以下異常。
javax.persistence.PersistenceException: org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: could not execute statementCaused by: org.hibernate.exception.GenericJDBCException: could not execute statementCaused by: java.sql.SQLException: Field 'id' doesn't have a default value
uniqueConstraints = {
@UniqueConstraint(name = "Stock_NO", columnNames = { "NO" })
},
indexes = {
@Index(name = "Stock_Name", columnList = "name")
}:建立唯一性索引,索引名字是Stock_NO,針對列是NO,建立索引,索引名字是Stock_Name,針對列是name。只有啟動了模式產生,索引產生的配置才會生效。啟用模式產生,在設定檔persistence.xml做如下配置:
<properties> <property name="javax.persistence.schema-generation.database.action" value="drop-and-create" /> </properties>
模式產生雖然很方便,能自動產生表結構,但是,由它產生的表結構不總是最佳的,而且還不能保證是正確的。因此,作為最佳實務,不建議在生產環境啟用模式產生,手工維護表機構。禁用模式產生,在設定檔persistence.xml做如下配置:
<properties> <property name="javax.persistence.schema-generation.database.action" value="none" /> </properties>
產生器表主鍵的建置原則是產生器表,這種策略不常見,一般用於遺留資料庫使用JPA。否則的話,主鍵的建置原則一般會選擇自動產生(GenerationType.IDENTITY)或是序列產生(GenerationType.SEQUENCE)。往目標表插入一條資料之間,JPA實現者從產生器表選擇一條關於目標表的主鍵記錄,該記錄儲存目標表的主鍵。JPA實現者增大該主鍵值,然後把該主鍵增大之前的那個值插入目標表。MySQL產生器表
CREATE TABLE CreatorKey ( TableName VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, KeyValue BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL, INDEX CreatorKey_Table_Values (TableName, KeyValue)) ENGINE = InnoDB;
MySQL目標表
CREATE TABLE Student ( id BIGINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL, INDEX Student_name (name)) ENGINE = InnoDB;
JPA主鍵映射
@Entity@Tablepublic class Student {private long id;private String name;@Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.TABLE, generator = "studentGenerator") @TableGenerator(name = "studentGenerator", table = "creatorkey", pkColumnName = "TableName", pkColumnValue = "Publishers", valueColumnName = "KeyValue", initialValue = 1, allocationSize = 1) @Column(name = "studentId")public long getId() {return id;}name :主鍵建置原則定義的名字;table:產生器表在資料庫中的名字;pkColumnName:產生器表的主鍵列的名字;pkColumnValue:產生器表主鍵列的值;valueColumnName:產生器表值列的名字;initialValue:產生器表初始值;allocationSize:產生器表數值遞增或遞減幅度。generator:主鍵建置原則定義的名字,該屬性與name屬性保持一致;generator = "studentGenerator":使用產生器表的主鍵建置原則。主鍵@TableGenerator的屬性initialValue,allocationSize根據原始碼,註解@TableGenerator的屬性initialValue、allocationSize是可選的,並且預設值分別是0、50。
/** * (Optional) The initial value to be used to initialize the column * that stores the last value generated. */ int initialValue() default 0; /** * (Optional) The amount to increment by when allocating id * numbers from the generator. */ int allocationSize() default 50;
但是,根據實際測試結果,情況並非如原始碼表示的那樣。清空產生器表creatorkey、目標表student,去掉屬性initialValue、allocationSize,執行持久化操作。
Student student = new Student(); student.setName("張三"); manager.persist(student);得到的結果卻是這樣的。 從可以看出產生器表初始值並非為0,遞增或遞減幅度並非為50。而且每次重啟web server後,初始值和遞增幅度都是不確定的。更重要的是,主鍵的產生已經和產生器表失去了聯絡,KeyValue一致停留在某個值,不會變化。因此,建議在寫註解@TableGenerator時,雖然屬性 initialValue、 allocationSize是可選的,但要明確為這兩個屬性指定數值。令人驚訝的是,即使是明確為這兩個屬性指定數值,很多時候,也會出現上述的問題。經測試,把initialValue、 allocationSize都設定為1時,運行正常。主鍵@TableGenerator的範圍根據原始碼,在同一個持久化單元內,@TableGenerator的主鍵建置原則定義是全域的,可以被其他實體引用。
/** * Defines a primary key generator that may be * referenced by name when a generator element is specified for * the {@link GeneratedValue} annotation. A table generator * may be specified on the entity class or on the primary key * field or property. The scope of the generator name is global * to the persistence unit (across all generator types).
但是,根據實際測試結果,情況並非如原始碼表示的那樣。即使在同一持久化單元內,@TableGenerator的主鍵建置原則定義只對定義它的實體生效。
@Entity@Tablepublic class Book implements Serializable{ private long id; @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.TABLE, generator = "studentGenerator") public long getId() { return this.id; } public void setId(long id) { this.id = id; }啟動web server,報出如下異常。
javax.persistence.PersistenceException: [PersistenceUnit: EntityMappings] Unable to build Hibernate SessionFactoryCaused by: org.hibernate.AnnotationException: Unknown Id.generator: studentGeneratororg.hibernate.AnnotationException: Unknown Id.generator: studentGenerator
若在實體Book加上對主鍵建置原則的定義,就運行正常。
@Entity@Tablepublic class Book implements Serializable{ private long id; @Id @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.TABLE, generator = "studentGenerator") @TableGenerator(name = "studentGenerator", table = "creatorkey", pkColumnName = "TableName", pkColumnValue = "Publishers", valueColumnName = "KeyValue", initialValue = 1, allocationSize=1) public long getId() { return this.id; } public void setId(long id) { this.id = id; }
MySQL主鍵自動產生和產生器表以及JPA主鍵映射