標籤:student charset primary 笛卡爾積 int exists name union arch
更多情況下,我們查詢的資料來源於多張表,所有有必要瞭解一下MySQL中的串連查詢。
SQL中將串連查詢分成四類:交叉串連,內串連,外串連和自然串連。
資料準備
student表
-- ------------------------------ Table structure for `student`-- ----------------------------DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `student`;CREATE TABLE `student` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL, `age` tinyint(4) DEFAULT NULL, `classId` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=7 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;-- ------------------------------ Records of student-- ----------------------------INSERT INTO `student` VALUES (‘1‘, ‘s1‘, ‘20‘, ‘1‘);INSERT INTO `student` VALUES (‘2‘, ‘s2‘, ‘22‘, ‘1‘);INSERT INTO `student` VALUES (‘3‘, ‘s3‘, ‘22‘, ‘2‘);INSERT INTO `student` VALUES (‘4‘, ‘s4‘, ‘22‘, null);
class表
-- ------------------------------ Table structure for `class`-- ----------------------------DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `class`;CREATE TABLE `class` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `cname` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;-- ------------------------------ Records of class-- ----------------------------INSERT INTO `class` VALUES (‘1‘, ‘一班‘);INSERT INTO `class` VALUES (‘2‘, ‘二班‘);INSERT INTO `class` VALUES (‘3‘, ‘‘);
score表
-- ------------------------------ Table structure for `score`-- ----------------------------DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `score`;CREATE TABLE `score` ( `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `name` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL, `score` decimal(4,1) DEFAULT NULL, `studentId` int(11) DEFAULT NULL) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;-- ------------------------------ Records of score-- ----------------------------INSERT INTO `score` VALUES (‘1‘, ‘語文‘, ‘90.0‘, ‘1‘);INSERT INTO `score` VALUES (‘2‘, ‘數學‘, ‘95.0‘, ‘1‘);INSERT INTO `score` VALUES (‘3‘, ‘語文‘, ‘92.0‘, ‘2‘);INSERT INTO `score` VALUES (‘4‘, ‘數學‘, ‘88.0‘, ‘2‘);INSERT INTO `score` VALUES (‘5‘, ‘語文‘, ‘96.0‘, ‘3‘);INSERT INTO `score` VALUES (‘6‘, ‘數學‘, null, ‘3‘);
交叉串連
交叉串連(CROSS JOIN)是用左表中的每一行與右表中的每一行進行串連,不能使用ON關鍵字。所得到的結果將是這兩個表中各行資料的所有組合,即這兩個表所有資料的笛卡爾積。如果A表有4條記錄,B表有3條,則結果有4*3=12條記錄。
mysql> SELECT * FROM student CROSS JOIN class;+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+| id | name | age | classId | id | cname |+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 2 | 二班 || 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 3 | || 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 2 | 二班 || 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 3 | || 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 1 | 一班 || 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 || 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 3 | || 4 | s4 | 22 | NULL | 1 | 一班 || 4 | s4 | 22 | NULL | 2 | 二班 || 4 | s4 | 22 | NULL | 3 | |+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+12 rows in set
如果給交叉串連加上WHERE關鍵字,此時將返回合格結果集,這時候與內串連的執行結果一樣。
mysql> SELECT * FROM student CROSS JOIN class WHERE student.classId = class.id;+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+| id | name | age | classId | id | cname |+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 |+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+3 rows in set
內串連
內串連(INNER JOIN)是用左表中的每一行與右表中的所有記錄進行匹配,查詢的結果為兩個表經過ON條件過濾後的笛卡爾積
mysql> SELECT * FROM student INNER JOIN class ON student.classId = class.id; -- 推薦寫法,INNER可寫可不寫+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+| id | name | age | classId | id | cname |+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 |+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+3 rows in set
等價於
mysql> SELECT * FROM student, class WHERE student.classId = class.id;+----+------+-----+---------+----+------+| id | name | age | classId | id | name |+----+------+-----+---------+----+------+| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 |+----+------+-----+---------+----+------+3 rows in set
可以串連多張表
mysql> SELECT * FROM student -> JOIN class ON student.classId = class.id -> JOIN score ON student.id = score.studentId;+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+----+------+-------+-----------+| id | name | age | classId | id | cname | id | name | score | studentId |+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+----+------+-------+-----------+| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 | 1 | 語文 | 90 | 1 || 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 | 2 | 數學 | 95 | 1 || 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 | 3 | 語文 | 92 | 2 || 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 | 4 | 數學 | 88 | 2 || 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 | 5 | 語文 | 96 | 3 || 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 | 6 | 數學 | NULL | 3 |+----+------+-----+---------+----+-------+----+------+-------+-----------+6 rows in set
外串連
左外串連
左外串連包含LEFT JOIN左表所有行,如果左表中某行在右表沒有匹配,則結果中對應行右表的部分全部為空白(NULL)。
mysql> SELECT * FROM student LEFT JOIN class ON student.classId = class.id; -- 或者LEFT OUTER JOIN+----+------+-----+---------+------+-------+| id | name | age | classId | id | cname |+----+------+-----+---------+------+-------+| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 || 4 | s4 | 22 | NULL | NULL | NULL |+----+------+-----+---------+------+-------+4 rows in set
右外串連
右外串連包含RIGHT JOIN左表所有行,如果右表中某行在左表沒有匹配,則結果中對應行左表的部分全部為空白(NULL)。
mysql> SELECT * FROM student RIGHT JOIN class ON student.classId = class.id; -- 或者RIGHT OUTER JOIN+------+------+------+---------+----+-------+| id | name | age | classId | id | cname |+------+------+------+---------+----+-------+| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 || NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | |+------+------+------+---------+----+-------+4 rows in set
全外串連
如果左表中某行在右表沒有匹配,則結果中對應行右表的部分全部為空白(NULL),如果右表中某行在左表沒有匹配,則結果中對應行左表的部分全部為空白(NULL)。MySQL不支援FULL JOIN,但是我們可以對左串連和右串連的結果做UNION操作來實現
mysql> SELECT * FROM student LEFT JOIN class ON student.classId = class.id -> UNION -> SELECT * FROM student RIGHT JOIN class ON student.classId = class.id;+------+------+------+---------+------+-------+| id | name | age | classId | id | cname |+------+------+------+---------+------+-------+| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 1 | 一班 || 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 二班 || 4 | s4 | 22 | NULL | NULL | NULL || NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | |+------+------+------+---------+------+-------+5 rows in set
自然串連
自然串連無需指定串連列,SQL會檢查兩個表中是否有相同名稱的列,且相同的列名稱只能有一個,自然串連基本不用。
mysql> SELECT * FROM student NATURAL JOIN class;+----+------+-----+---------+-------+| id | name | age | classId | cname |+----+------+-----+---------+-------+| 1 | s1 | 20 | 1 | 一班 || 2 | s2 | 22 | 1 | 二班 || 3 | s3 | 22 | 2 | |+----+------+-----+---------+-------+3 rows in set
可以看到只有一列id了,因為student與class兩張表中相同的id列自動合并了,相當於內串連
SELECT * FROM student INNER JOIN class ON student.id = class.id
如果更改class表的cname欄位名稱為name會出現什麼情況呢?
mysql> ALTER TABLE class CHANGE cname name VARCHAR(10);Query OK, 3 rows affectedRecords: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> SELECT * FROM student NATURAL JOIN class; -- 因為兩張表同名欄位有兩個,所有結果為空白Empty set
由於現在student與class表有兩個同名的欄位,所有結果為空白
MySQL教程(四) SQL串連查詢