標籤:des style c class a int
NOTES : A Model of Gas Exchange for Hyperpolarized Xe(129) Magnetic Resonance of the Lung
背景知識:
Gas exchange is the essential function of the lung. In general, a lung can be viewed as a porous medium(多孔介質) consisting of capillary(毛細管) circuits with blood flowing inside. The blood flows are separated from the air spaces by several layers of tissues, including epithelium(組織上皮細胞), endothelium(內皮),and interstitium(小間隙).These tissues together are called air–blood barrier.(空氣血液柵欄).At equilibrium, gas molecules in the alveolar spaces(肺泡空間) are under constant exchange with those dissolved in the barrier and capillary blood.
Remark: 氣體由肺泡擴散濃度自高處向低處,平衡狀態時,以常數速率和溶解在組織和毛細管血管的氣體交換.
Almost all pulmonary diseases can be attributed to deficient gas exchange or delivery in the lung.
氣體交換不足或者過量均會導致肺部疾病,聯絡5個肺部關鍵參數。
Prob: How measure gas exchange?
Ans: However, none of the established imaging techniques provides direct measurement of gas exchange!!!
沒有直接的方法,間接實驗。
Exp.1 computerized tomography ( 斷層攝影技術 ) measures tissue density
Exp.2 magnetic resonance imaging of hyperpolarized (HP)
He (超極化氦氣) images the air spaces in the lung.
Exp.3 MR of HP Xe is capable of providing direct measurements of gas exchange in the lung. As a contrast
agent, not only does xenon yield dramatically enhanced
MR signals in the air spaces, but it also dissolves into lung tissue and blood. As the dissolved xenon in blood follows the same physiological pathways of the normal blood gases (i.e., O2,CO2) (參看下面的圖)
量化:
Quantification of dissolved xenon dynamics will lead to a quantified understanding of lung function.
(How? M.R. experiment)
原理:
A particular feature of xenon that permits such a study, is that the xenon dissolved into human lung exhibits two large chemical shifts from the resonance frequency(共振頻率) of the free xenon gas—one at 197 ppm(parts per million), for xenon in lung tissue and blood plasma(血漿) (TP xenon), the other at 217 ppm, for the xenon in the red blood cells (RBC xenon)
RBC :Red Blood Cell
TP : Tissue and Plasma(組織和血漿)
Xenon ----> Dissolved Xenon +Free Xenon
Dissolved Xenon = TP Xe + PBC Xe
197ppm: xenon in lung tissue and blood plasma(血漿)
217ppm: the xenon in the red blood cells
核磁共振具體實驗技術暫不知。
CSSR has been used frequently, over the past years in various lung diseases, including fibrosis(纖維變性) and emphysema (肺氣腫).
Despite the previous applications of CSSR, there has not been a satisfactory theory to interpret xenon uptake dynamics for both dissolved xenon peaks in the lung.
density M_d within the septum(隔膜), perpendicular(垂直的) to the blood flow
M_d is density of dissolved xenon
M_f is the density of free xenon gas (at 0 ppm) in the air spaces
D is the diffusion coefficient of dissolved xenon
\lambda is the Ostwald solubility of xenon in lung parenchyma(軟細胞組織)
Prob: How to define the boundary value conditions?
Apply Fourier’s separation of variable obtain series solution:
Where T is the xenon-exchange time constant in the lung
(That is Par.4)
Proof:
。。。。。。。。
初邊值問題的數值解(張文生book):
級數解漸進:
Assume:
S_A is the total surface area of air space
V_g is total volume of the air spaces in the lung
The dissolved xenon signal is proportional to M_d *S_A/2
The free xenon gas signal is proportional to M_f * V_g
The normalized signal distribution S_d(x, t) for dissolved xenon can be written as (WHY? Normalized)
和 (4)式進行對比 compare with (4).
S_d= M_d SVR / 2M_f
S_A / V_g is the surface-area-to-volume ratio
(That is Par.1 SVR)
S_d1(t): The Total Signal From The Tissue
(組織中xenon 訊號)
It is not difficult to derive (6)--->(7),.calculated as the spatial integral of S_d in Eq.6 over the two regions from (0) to (\delta) and from (d–\delta) to (d).
Where,b is the normalization factor (dimensionless), and \delta/d is what we call barrier-to-septum ratio.
(That is Par.2 BSR)
The dissolved xenon signal from the blood (‘‘blood xenon’’) is more difficult to calculate owing to flow.
S_d2(s): The Total Signal From Blood (No-flow & flow )
(總血液中Xenon 訊號)
No flow : integral of S_d at (\delta ,d-\delta)
How is consider blood flow? (Key)
The total xenon signal from the blood is:
Where t_X is pulmonary capillary transit time
(Par.5 運輸時間)
To calculate the xenon signal in tissue and blood plasma, e.g., TP xenon signal S_TP(t) at 197 ppm, and signal of RBC xenon S_RBC(t) at 217 ppm, we let h denote the fraction of RBC xenon relative to total xenon in blood
S_PBC = h * S_d2
S_blood plasma =(1-h) * S_d2
S_TP = S_d1 + (1-h) * S_d2(組織和血漿訊號)
The hematocrit (HCT) can be calculated from h using
(Par.3 血細胞比容)
Where \lambda_RBC and \lambda_P are Ostwald solubilities of xenon in RBCs and plasma, respectively.
Remark : How calculate h ? MR of HP Xe
上面建立的理論模型,實驗訊號可觀測到(不同的肺部疾病),接下來擬合需要的五個參數與正常的對比下???
文章選取了肺部處於四種不同的狀態。
Remark:
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)慢性阻塞肺病
Fibrosis 纖維病變
Anemia 貧血
正常健康人的參數:
\lambda 0.2
\delta 2
d 10
SVR 250
T 40
\eta 0.5
t_X 1.6