php物件導向介面,繼承,抽象類別,析構,複製等進階特性執行個體詳解

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上載者:User
這篇文章主要介紹了PHP物件導向程式設計進階特性,結合執行個體形式分析了php物件導向程式設計中所涉及的靜態屬性、常量屬性、介面、繼承、抽象類別、析構、複製等概念與提示,需要的朋友可以參考下

1. 靜態屬性

<?phpclass StaticExample {  static public $aNum = 0; // 靜態共有屬性  static public function sayHello() { // 靜態共有方法    print "hello";  }}print StaticExample::$aNum;StaticExample::sayHello();?>

輸出:0 hello

點評:靜態屬性和方法,可以通過類直接調用。

2. SELF

<?phpclass StaticExample {  static public $aNum = 0;  static public function sayHello() { // 這裡的static 和 public的順序可以顛倒    self::$aNum++;    print "hello (".self::$aNum.")\n"; // self 指向當前類, $this指向當前對象。  }}StaticExample::sayHello();StaticExample::sayHello();StaticExample::sayHello();?>

輸出:

hello (1)hello (2)hello (3)

點評:self 指向當前類, this指向當前對象。self可以調用當前類的靜態屬性和方法。this指向當前對象。self可以調用當前類的靜態屬性和方法。this可以調用當前類的正常屬性和方法。

3. 常量屬性

<?phpclass ShopProduct {  const AVAILABLE   = 0; // 只能用大寫字母命名常量  const OUT_OF_STOCK  = 1;  public $status;}print ShopProduct::AVAILABLE;?>

輸出:0

點評:常量只能用大寫字母,並且可以通過類直接調用。

4. 介面

<?phpinterface Chargeable { // 介面,抽象類別是介於基類與介面之間的東西  public function getPrice();}class ShopProduct implements Chargeable {  // ...  protected $price;  // ...  public function getPrice() {    return $this->price;  }  // ...}$product = new ShopProduct();?>

如果沒有實現getPrice方法,將會報錯。

Fatal error: Class ShopProduct contains 1 abstract method and must therefore be declared abstract or implement the remaining methods (Chargeable::getPrice)

5. 繼承類與介面

<?phpclass TimedService{ }interface Bookable{ }interface Chargeable{ }class Consultancy extends TimedService implements Bookable, Chargeable { // 繼承類與介面  // ...}?>

6. 抽象類別

先來看一段代碼

<?phpabstract class DomainObject {}class User extends DomainObject {  public static function create() {    return new User();  }}class Document extends DomainObject {  public static function create() {    return new Document();  }}$document = Document::create();print_r( $document );?>

輸出:

Document Object()

7. 靜態方法

<?phpabstract class DomainObject {  private $group; // 私人屬性group  public function construct() {    $this->group = static::getGroup();//static 靜態類  }  public static function create() {    return new static();  }  static function getGroup() { // 靜態方法    return "default";  }}class User extends DomainObject {}class Document extends DomainObject {  static function getGroup() { // 改變了內容    return "document";  }}class SpreadSheet extends Document { // 繼承之後,group也就與document相同了}print_r(User::create());print_r(SpreadSheet::create());?>

輸出:

User Object(  [group:DomainObject:private] => default)SpreadSheet Object(  [group:DomainObject:private] => document)

7. final欄位

使類無法被繼承,用的不多

<?phpfinal class Checkout { // 終止類的繼承  // ...}class IllegalCheckout extends Checkout {  // ...}$checkout = new Checkout();?>

輸出:

Fatal error: Class IllegalCheckout may not inherit from final class (Checkout)

final方法不能夠被重寫

<?phpclass Checkout {  final function totalize() {    // calculate bill  }}class IllegalCheckout extends Checkout {  function totalize() { // 不能重寫final方法    // change bill calculation  }}$checkout = new Checkout();?>

輸出:

Fatal error: Cannot override final method Checkout::totalize()

8. 解構函式

<?phpclass Person {  protected $name;  private $age;  private $id;  function construct( $name, $age ) {    $this->name = $name;    $this->age = $age;  }  function setId( $id ) {    $this->id = $id;  }  function destruct() { // 解構函式    if ( ! empty( $this->id ) ) {      // save Person data      print "saving person\n";    }    if ( empty( $this->id ) ) {      // save Person data      print "do nothing\n";    }  }}$person = new Person( "bob", 44 );$person->setId( 343 );$person->setId( '' ); // 最後執行解構函式,使用完之後執行?>

輸出:

do nothing

9. clone方法

複製的時候執行

<?phpclass Person {  private $name;  private $age;  private $id;  function construct( $name, $age ) {    $this->name = $name;    $this->age = $age;  }  function setId( $id ) {    $this->id = $id;  }  function clone() { // 複製時候執行    $this->id = 0;  }}$person = new Person( "bob", 44 );$person->setId( 343 );$person2 = clone $person;print_r( $person );print_r( $person2 );?>

輸出:

Person Object(  [name:Person:private] => bob  [age:Person:private] => 44  [id:Person:private] => 343)Person Object(  [name:Person:private] => bob  [age:Person:private] => 44  [id:Person:private] => 0)

再看一個例子

<?phpclass Account { // 賬戶類  public $balance; // 餘額  function construct( $balance ) {    $this->balance = $balance;  }}class Person {  private $name;  private $age;  private $id;  public $account;  function construct( $name, $age, Account $account ) {    $this->name = $name;    $this->age = $age;    $this->account = $account;  }  function setId( $id ) {    $this->id = $id;  }  function clone() {    $this->id  = 0;  }}$person = new Person( "bob", 44, new Account( 200 ) ); // 以類對象作為參數$person->setId( 343 );$person2 = clone $person;// give $person some money$person->account->balance += 10;// $person2 sees the credit tooprint $person2->account->balance; // person的屬性account也是一個類,他的屬性balance的值是210// output:// 210?>

點評:學習還是能夠開拓大腦的,今天終於明白為什麼有多個箭頭的概念了$person->account->balance。這裡的account屬性是一個對象。

10. toString

<?phpclass Person {  function getName() { return "Bob"; }  function getAge() { return 44; }  function toString() {    $desc = $this->getName()." (age ";    $desc .= $this->getAge().")";    return $desc;  }}$person = new Person();print $person; // 列印時候集中處理// Bob (age 44)?>

點評:必須是print或echo時才有效,print_r就輸出對象。

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