一 pickle
pickle模組用來實現python對象的序列化和還原序列化。通常地pickle將python對象序列化為二進位流或檔案。
python對象與檔案之間的序列化和還原序列化:pickle.dump()pickle.load()如果要實現python對象和字串間的序列化和還原序列化,則使用:pickle.dumps()pickle.loads()
可以被序列化的類型有:* None,True 和 False;* 整數,浮點數,複數;* 字串,位元組流,位元組數組;* 包含可pickle對象的tuples,lists,sets和dictionaries;* 定義在module頂層的函數:* 定義在module頂層的內建函數;* 定義在module頂層的類;* 擁有__dict__()或__setstate__()的自訂類型;
注意:對於函數或類的序列化是以名字來識別的,所以需要import相應的module。
二 pickle的運行過程
在大部分情況下,要是的對象picklable,我們不需要額外的代碼。預設地pickle將智能地檢查類和執行個體的屬性,當一個類執行個體還原序列化的時候,它的__init__()方法通常不被調用。而是首先建立一個未初始化的執行個體,然後再回複儲存的屬性。
但是可以通過實現下列的方法來修改預設的行為:object.__getstate__() :預設地序列化對象的__dict__,但是如果你實現了__getstate__(),則__getstate__()函數返回的值將被序列化。object.__setstate__(state) :如果類型實現了此方法,則在還原序列化的時候,此方法用來恢複對象的屬性。object.__getnewargs__() : 如果執行個體構造的時候(__new__())需要參數,則需要實現此函數。注意:如果__getstate__()返回False,則在還原序列化的時候__setstate__()則不被調用。
有的時候為了效率,或上面的3個函數不能滿足需求時,需要實現__reduce__()函數。
三 執行個體import pickle
# An arbitrary collection of objects supported by pickle.
data = {
'a': [1, 2.0, 3, 4+6j],
'b': ("character string", b"byte string"),
'c': set([None, True, False])
}
with open('data.pickle', 'wb') as f:
# Pickle the 'data' dictionary using the highest protocol available.
pickle.dump(data, f, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
with open('data.pickle', 'rb') as f:
# The protocol version used is detected automatically, so we do not
# have to specify it.
data = pickle.load(f)
print(str(data))
四 修改picklable類型的預設行為
class TextReader:
"""Print and number lines in a text file."""
def __init__(self, filename):
self.filename = filename
self.file = open(filename)
self.lineno = 0
def readline(self):
self.lineno += 1
line = self.file.readline()
if not line:
return None
if line.endswith('\n'):
line = line[:-1]
return "%i: %s" % (self.lineno, line)
def __getstate__(self):
# Copy the object's state from self.__dict__ which contains
# all our instance attributes. Always use the dict.copy()
# method to avoid modifying the original state.
state = self.__dict__.copy()
# Remove the unpicklable entries.
del state['file']
return state
def __setstate__(self, state):
# Restore instance attributes (i.e., filename and lineno).
self.__dict__.update(state)
# Restore the previously opened file's state. To do so, we need to
# reopen it and read from it until the line count is restored.
file = open(self.filename)
for _ in range(self.lineno):
file.readline()
# Finally, save the file.
self.file = file
reader = TextReader("hello.txt")
print(reader.readline())
print(reader.readline())
s = pickle.dumps(reader)
#print(s)
new_reader = pickle.loads(s)
print(new_reader.readline())
# the output is
# 1: hello
# 2: how are you
# 3: goodbye
完!