python複習-雜燴

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集合（set）方法

並集：union |

交集：intersection &

差集：difference -

對稱差集: symmetric_difference ^

執行個體如下：

a={1,2,3,4,5}b={2,3,5,7,9}print(a | b)print(a - b)print(a ^ b)print(a & b)print("*"*50)print("*"*50)print(a.union(b))print(a.difference(b))print(a.symmetric_difference(b))print(a.intersection(b))######{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}{1, 4}{1, 4, 7, 9}{2, 3, 5}****************************************************************************************************{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}{1, 4}{1, 4, 7, 9}{2, 3, 5}

函數注釋

定義函數時可對函數的參數以及傳回值的類型進行注釋

注意：

1）函數注釋僅僅提到提示作用，並不會對輸入的參數或或傳回值進行類型檢查和限制

2）函數注釋可通過Function.__annotations__進行查看

def foo(x: int, y: float) -> str:    return str(x + y)print(foo(3, 4))print(foo(‘a‘, ‘b‘))print(foo.__annotations__)7ab{‘x‘: <class ‘int‘>, ‘y‘: <class ‘float‘>, ‘return‘: <class ‘str‘>}def f(ham: str, eggs: str = ‘eggs‘) -> str:     print("Annotations:", f.__annotations__)     print("Arguments:", ham, eggs)     return ham + ‘ and ‘ + eggsf(‘spam‘)Annotations: {‘ham‘: <class ‘str‘>, ‘return‘: <class ‘str‘>, ‘eggs‘: <class ‘str‘>}Arguments: spam eggs‘spam and eggs‘

requests模組添加要求標頭

django中接收requests模組提交的資料，需添加自訂的要求標頭需遵循一定的規則

1) 字典headers定義要求標頭的索引值對，鍵中的單詞之間以-分割（_分割不會被識別）

2）要求標頭到達服務端後解析後存在於字典中requests.META

3）用戶端要求標頭的鍵在服務端發生了改變 

　　1. 用戶端的鍵之前添加http_

　　2. 將上述處理的鍵轉化為大寫

　　3. 將-替換為_

　　auth-api  ====> request.META.get("HTTP_AUTH_API")

import requests
response=requests.get("http://127.0.0.1:8000/test.html",headers={‘auth-api‘:auth_header_val})
print(response.text)

部分源碼如下（需進一步整理）

#django.core.servers.basehttp.py
class WSGIRequestHandler(simple_server.WSGIRequestHandler, object):      ......    def get_environ(self):        # Strip all headers with underscores in the name before constructing        # the WSGI environ. This prevents header-spoofing based on ambiguity        # between underscores and dashes both normalized to underscores in WSGI        # env vars. Nginx and Apache 2.4+ both do this as well.        for k, v in self.headers.items():            if ‘_‘ in k:                del self.headers[k]        return super(WSGIRequestHandler, self).get_environ()

 

#wsgiref.simpleserver.py

class WSGIRequestHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):    server_version = "WSGIServer/" + __version__    def get_environ(self):        env = self.server.base_environ.copy()        env[‘SERVER_PROTOCOL‘] = self.request_version        env[‘SERVER_SOFTWARE‘] = self.server_version        env[‘REQUEST_METHOD‘] = self.command        if ‘?‘ in self.path:            path,query = self.path.split(‘?‘,1)        else:            path,query = self.path,‘‘        env[‘PATH_INFO‘] = urllib.parse.unquote(path, ‘iso-8859-1‘)        env[‘QUERY_STRING‘] = query        host = self.address_string()        if host != self.client_address[0]:            env[‘REMOTE_HOST‘] = host        env[‘REMOTE_ADDR‘] = self.client_address[0]        if self.headers.get(‘content-type‘) is None:            env[‘CONTENT_TYPE‘] = self.headers.get_content_type()        else:            env[‘CONTENT_TYPE‘] = self.headers[‘content-type‘]        length = self.headers.get(‘content-length‘)        if length:            env[‘CONTENT_LENGTH‘] = length        for k, v in self.headers.items():            k=k.replace(‘-‘,‘_‘).upper(); v=v.strip()            if k in env:                continue                    # skip content length, type,etc.            if ‘HTTP_‘+k in env:                env[‘HTTP_‘+k] += ‘,‘+v     # comma-separate multiple headers            else:                env[‘HTTP_‘+k] = v        return env

 

python複習-雜燴