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簡介
在軟體開發中經常要管理各種“串連”資源,通常我們會使用對應的串連池來管理,比如mysql資料庫連接可以用sqlalchemy中的池來管理,thrift串連可以通過thriftpool管理,redis-py中的StrictRedis實現本身就是基於串連池的,等等。 而今天介紹的socketpool是一個通用的python串連池庫,通過它可以實現任意類型串連的管理,雖然不是很完美,但在一些找不到合適串連池實現、而又不想自己造輪子的時候使用起來會節省很多精力。
內部實現要點
- 這個類庫的代碼其實並不是特別的漂亮,但結構設計的不錯,關鍵留下了對拓展開放的鉤子,能讓使用者根據自己的需要定製自己的串連池
- 內部主要的組件有ConnectionPool,Connector和backend_mod三個
- ConnectionPool實現了一個串連池的通用邏輯,用一個優先順序隊列管理所有串連,另外支援connection的生命週期定製,有一個reap機制(可選),基本思想是每個conn有一個最大生命週期,比如600秒,過了這個時間,就必須回收掉,reap線程(也有可能是greenlet或eventlet)定期檢查到期的conn並進行回收
- Connector是一個介面,它可以看做是一個製造conn的工廠,ConnectionPool在需要建立conn的時候,會通過這個工廠來產生conn。所以我們只要實現Connector的介面方法就可以定製一個自己的串連工廠
- backend_mod是為了支援不同的執行緒模式(比如python原生線程,gevent或者eventlet)抽象出來的後端模組,它統一封裝了Socket, PriorityQueue, Semaphore等和並行存取模型相關的組件,在創造ConnectionPool對象時可以通過參數控制選用哪種backend
部分代碼閱讀
ConnectionPool的初始化函數
def __init__(self, factory, retry_max=3, retry_delay=.1, timeout=-1, max_lifetime=600., max_size=10, options=None, reap_connections=True, reap_delay=1, backend="thread"): if isinstance(backend, str): self.backend_mod = load_backend(backend) self.backend = backend else: self.backend_mod = backend self.backend = str(getattr(backend, ‘__name__‘, backend)) self.max_size = max_size self.pool = getattr(self.backend_mod, ‘PriorityQueue‘)() self._free_conns = 0 self.factory = factory self.retry_max = retry_max self.retry_delay = retry_delay self.timeout = timeout self.max_lifetime = max_lifetime if options is None: self.options = {"backend_mod": self.backend_mod, "pool": self} else: self.options = options self.options["backend_mod"] = self.backend_mod self.options["pool"] = self # bounded semaphore to make self._alive ‘safe‘ self._sem = self.backend_mod.Semaphore(1) self._reaper = None if reap_connections: self.reap_delay = reap_delay self.start_reaper()
這裡幾個參數的意義:
- factory是類對象,需要實現Connector介面,用來產生conn,options是調用factory時傳入的參數
- retry_max是擷取conn時如果出錯最多重試幾次
- max_lifetime是規定每個conn最大生命時間,見上面說的reap機制
- max_size是這個pool的大小上限
- backend是執行緒模式
- reap_connections控制是否啟用reap機制
被啟動的reap就是一個單獨的線程,定時調用下面的方法把到期的conn回收掉:
def murder_connections(self): current_pool_size = self.pool.qsize() if current_pool_size > 0: for priority, candidate in self.pool: current_pool_size -= 1 if not self.too_old(candidate): self.pool.put((priority, candidate)) else: self._reap_connection(candidate) if current_pool_size <= 0: break
_reap_connection最終會回調conn對象的invalidate方法(Connector的介面)進行銷毀。每次使用完conn後會調用release_connection, 它的邏輯是
def release_connection(self, conn): if self._reaper is not None: self._reaper.ensure_started() with self._sem: if self.pool.qsize() < self.max_size: connected = conn.is_connected() if connected and not self.too_old(conn): self.pool.put((conn.get_lifetime(), conn)) else: self._reap_connection(conn) else: self._reap_connection(conn)
如果串連還沒到期或斷開,就會被重新放入優先順序隊列中,使用者可以通過實現Connector介面的get_lifetime來控制這裡放回的conn的優先順序,priority最小的conn下次會被優先取出
Connector定義了哪些介面呢?
class Connector(object): def matches(self, **match_options): raise NotImplementedError() def is_connected(self): raise NotImplementedError() def handle_exception(self, exception): raise NotImplementedError() def get_lifetime(self): raise NotImplementedError() def invalidate(self): raise NotImplementedError()
matches方法主要用在pool取出一個conn時,除了優先選擇priority最小的conn,還需要這個conn和get(**options)傳入的參數match,這個match就是回調conn的matches方法。其他幾個介面前面都涉及到了。
TcpConnector實現
來看一下socketpool內建的TcpConnector的實現,實現tcp socket的工廠
class TcpConnector(Connector): def __init__(self, host, port, backend_mod, pool=None): self._s = backend_mod.Socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) self._s.connect((host, port)) self.host = host self.port = port self.backend_mod = backend_mod self._connected = True # use a ‘jiggle‘ value to make sure there is some # randomization to expiry, to avoid many conns expiring very # closely together. self._life = time.time() - random.randint(0, 10) self._pool = pool def __del__(self): self.release() def matches(self, **match_options): target_host = match_options.get(‘host‘) target_port = match_options.get(‘port‘) return target_host == self.host and target_port == self.port def is_connected(self): if self._connected: return util.is_connected(self._s) return False def handle_exception(self, exception): print(‘got an exception‘) print(str(exception)) def get_lifetime(self): return self._life def invalidate(self): self._s.close() self._connected = False self._life = -1 def release(self): if self._pool is not None: if self._connected: self._pool.release_connection(self) else: self._pool = None def send(self, data): return self._s.send(data) def recv(self, size=1024): return self._s.recv(size)
不需要太多額外解釋。
拓展實現HiveConnector
根據自身項目需要,我用pyhs2實現了一個hive串連池
class HiveConnector(Connector): def __init__(self, host, port, backend_mod, pool=None, authMechanism=‘NOSASL‘, **options): self.host = host self.port = port self.backend_mod = backend_mod self._pool = pool self._connected = False self._conn = pyhs2.connect(host=host, port=port, authMechanism=authMechanism ) self._connected = True # use a ‘jiggle‘ value to make sure there is some # randomization to expiry, to avoid many conns expiring very # closely together. self._life = time.time() - random.randint(0, 10) def __del__(self): self.release() def matches(self, **match_options): target_host = match_options.get(‘host‘) target_port = match_options.get(‘port‘) return target_host == self.host and target_port == self.port def is_connected(self): return self._connected def handle_exception(self, exception): logger.exception("error: %s" % str(exception)) def get_lifetime(self): return self._life def invalidate(self): try: self._conn.close() except: pass finally: self._connected = False self._life = -1 def release(self): if self._pool is not None: if self._connected: self._pool.release_connection(self) else: self._pool = None def cursor(self): return self._conn.cursor() def execute(self, hql): with self.curosr() as cur: return cur.execute(hql) hive_pool = ConnectionPool(factory=HiveConnector, **HIVE_CONNECTOR_CONFIG)
使用這個hive_pool去執行hql語句非常容易:
with hive_pool.connection() as conn: with conn.cursor() as cur: print cur.getDatabases()
總結
簡紹了socketpool的內部實現,以及如何使用它構造自己的串連池。
python socketpool:通用串連池