驅動初始化中自動建立裝置節點

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        Linux是一套免費使用和自由傳播的作業系統,它主要用於基於Intel系列CPU的電腦上。這個系統是由全世界各地的成千上萬的程式員設計和實現的,其目的是建立不受任何商品化軟體的著作權制約的、全世界都能自由使用的Unix相容產品。 裝置驅動程式的時候,很多時候都是利用mknod命令手動建立裝置節點,實際上Linux核心為我們提供了一組函數,可以用來在模組載入的時候自動在/dev目錄下建立相應裝置節點,並在卸載模組時刪除該節點,當然前提條件是使用者空間移植了udev。

  核心中定義了STruct class結構體,顧名思義,一個struct class結構體類型變數對應一個類,核心同時提供了class_create(…)函數,可以用它來建立一個類,這個類存放於sysfs下面,一旦建立好了這個類,再調用device_create(…)函數來在/dev目錄下建立相應的裝置節點。這樣,載入模組的時候,使用者空間中的udev會自動響應device_create(…)函數,去/sysfs下尋找對應的類從而建立裝置節點。

  注意,在2.6較早的核心版本中,device_create(…)函數名稱不同,是class_device_create(…),所以在新的核心中編譯以前的模組程式有時會報錯,就是因為函數名稱不同,而且裡面的參數設定也有一些變化。

  struct class和device_create(…) 以及device_create(…)都定義在/include/linux/device.h中,使用的時候一定要包含這個標頭檔,否則編譯器會報錯。

  在2.6.26.6核心版本中,struct class定義在標頭檔include/linux/device.h中:

  /*

  * device classes

  */

  struct class {

  coNSt char        *name;

  struct
module     *owner;

  nbsp;struct kset         subsys;

  struct list_head         devices;

  struct list_head         interfaces;

  struct kset              class_dirs;

  struct semaphore sem;    /* locks children, devices, interfaces */

  struct class_attribute   *class_attrs;

  struct device_attribute      *dev_attrs;

  int (*dev_uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);

  void (*class_release)(struct class *class);

  void (*dev_release)(struct device *dev);

  int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);

  int (*resume)(struct device *dev);

  };

  class_create(…)在/drivers/base/class.c中實現:

  /**

  * class_create - create a struct class structure

  * @owner: pointer to the module that is to "own" this struct class

  * @nAME: pointer to a string for the name of this class.

  *

  * This is used to create a struct class pointer that can then be used

  * in calls to device_create().

  *

  * Note, the pointer created here is to be destroyed when finished by

  * making a call to class_destroy().

  */

  struct class *class_create(struct module *owner, cONst char *name)

  {

  struct class *cls;

  int retval;

  cls = kzalloc(sizeof(*cls), GFP_KERNEL);

  if (!cls) {

  retval = -ENOMEM;

  goto
error;

  }

  cls->name = name;

  cls->owner = owner;

  cls->class_release = class_create_release;

  retval = class_register(cls);

  if (retval)

  goto
Error;

  return cls;

  error:

  kfree(cls);

  return ERR_PTR(retval);

  }

  第一個參數指定類的所有者是哪個模組,第二個參數指定類名。

  在class.c中,還定義了class_destroy(…)函數,用於在模組卸載時刪除類。

  device_create(…)函數在/drivers/base/core.c中實現:

  /**

  * device_create - creates a device and registers it
with sysfs

  * @class: pointer to the struct class that this device should be registered to

  * @parent: pointer to the parent struct device of this new device, if any

  * @devt: the dev_t for the char device to be added

  * @fmt: string for the device's name

  *

  * This funcTIon can be used by char device classes. A struct device

  * will be created in sysfs, registered to the specified class.

  *

  * A "dev" file will be created, showing the dev_t for the device, if

  * the dev_t is not 0,0.

  * If a pointer to a parent struct device is passed in, the newly created

  * struct device will be a child of that device in sysfs.

  * The pointer to the struct device will be returned from the call.

  * Any further sysfs files that might be required can be created using this

  * pointer.

  *

  * Note: the struct class passed to this function must have previously

  * been created with a call to class_create().

  */

  struct device *device_create(struct class *class, struct device *parent,

  dev_t devt, const char *fmt, ...)

  {

  va_list vargs;

  struct device *dev;

  va_start(vargs, fmt);

  dev = device_create_vargs(class, parent, devt,
NULL, fmt, vargs);

  va_end(vargs);

  return dev;

  }

  第一個參數指定所要建立的裝置所從屬的類,第二個參數是這個裝置的父裝置,如果沒有就指定為NULL,第三個參數是裝置號,第四個參數是裝置名稱,第五個參數是從裝置號。

  下面以一個簡單字元裝置驅動來展示如何使用這幾個函數

  #include <linux/module.h>

  #include <linux/kernel.h>

  #include <linux/init.h>

  #include <linux/fs.h>

  #include <linux/cdev.h>

  #include <linux/device.h>

  MODULE_LICENSE ("GPL");

  int hello_major = 555;

  int hello_minor = 0;

  int
number_of_devices = 1;

  struct cdev cdev;

  dev_t dev = 0;

  struct file_operations hello_fops = {

  .owner = THIS_MODULE

  };

  static void char_reg_setup_cdev (void)

  {

  int error, devno = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);

  cdev_init (&cdev, &hello_fops);

  cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;

  cdev.ops = &hello_fops;

  error = cdev_add (&cdev, devno , 1);

  if (error)

  printk (KERN_NOTICE "Error %d adding char_reg_setup_cdev", error);

  }

  struct class *my_class;

  static int __init hello_2_init (void)

  {

  int result;

  dev = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);

  result = register_chrdev_region (dev, number_of_devices, "hello");

  if (result<0) {

  printk (KERN_WARNING "hello: can't get major number %d\n", hello_major);

  return result;

  }

  char_reg_setup_cdev ();

  /* create your own class under /sysfs */

  my_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "my_class");

  if(IS_ERR(my_class))

  {

  printk("Err: failed in creating class.\n");

  return -1;

  }

  /* register your own device in sysfs, and this will cause udev to create corresponding device node */

  device_create( my_class, NULL, MKDEV(hello_major, 0), "hello" "%d", 0 );

  printk (KERN_INFO "Registered character driver\n");

  return 0;

  }

  static void __exit hello_2_exit (void)

  {

  dev_t devno = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);

  cdev_del (&cdev);

  device_destroy(my_class, MKDEV(adc_major, 0));         //delete device node under /dev

  class_destroy(my_class);                               //delete class created by us

  unregister_chrdev_region (devno, number_of_devices);

  printk (KERN_INFO "char driver cleaned up\n");

  }

  module_init (hello_2_init);

  module_exit (hello_2_exit);

  這樣,模組載入後,就能在/dev目錄下找到hello0這個裝置節點了。

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