the major advances since the birth of the computer

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COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE NINTH EDITION

? The family concept: Introduced by IBM with its System/360 in 1964, followed
shortly thereafter by DEC, with its PDP-8. The family concept decouples the
architecture of a machine from its implementation. A set of computers is offered,
with different price/performance characteristics, that presents the same architec-
ture to the user. The differences in price and performance are due to different
implementations of the same architecture.
? Microprogrammed control unit: Suggested by Wilkes in 1951 and introduced
by IBM on the S/360 line in 1964. Microprogramming eases the task of design-
ing and implementing the control unit and provides support for the family
concept.
? Cache memory: First introduced commercially on IBM S/360 Model 85 in
1968. The insertion of this element into the memory hierarchy dramatically
improves performance.
? Pipelining: A means of introducing parallelism into the essentially sequential
nature of a machine-instruction program. Examples are instruction pipelining
and vector processing.
? Multiple processors: This category covers a number of different organizations
and objectives.
? Reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture: This is the focus of
this chapter.
When it appeared, RISC architecture was a dramatic departure from the
historical trend in processor architecture. An analysis of the RISC architecture
brings into focus many of the important issues in computer organization and
architecture.

the major advances since the birth of the computer