提高MySQL 查詢效率的三個技巧第1/2頁

MySQL由於它本身的小巧和操作的高效, 在資料庫應用中越來越多的被採用.我在開發一個P2P應用的時候曾經使用MySQL來儲存P2P節點,由於P2P的應用中,結點數動輒上萬個,而且節點變化頻繁,因此一定要保持查詢和插入的高效.以下是我在使用過程中做的提高效率的三個有效嘗試.

l 使用statement進行綁定查詢
使用statement可以提前構建查詢文法樹,在查詢時不再需要構建文法樹就直接查詢.因此可以很好的提高查詢的效率. 這個方法適合於查詢條件固定但查詢非常頻繁的場合.
使用方法是:
綁定, 建立一個MYSQL_STMT變數,與對應的查詢字串綁定,字串中的問號代表要傳入的變數,每個問號都必須指定一個變數.
查詢, 輸入每個指定的變數, 傳入MYSQL_STMT變數用可用的串連控制代碼執行.
代碼如下:

//1.綁定
bool CDBManager::BindInsertStmt(MYSQL * connecthandle)
{
//作插入操作的綁定
MYSQL_BIND insertbind[FEILD_NUM];
if(m_stInsertParam == NULL)
m_stInsertParam = new CHostCacheTable;
m_stInsertStmt = mysql_stmt_init(connecthandle);
//構建綁定字串
char insertSQL[SQL_LENGTH];
strcpy(insertSQL, "insert into HostCache(SessionID, ChannelID, ISPType, "
"ExternalIP, ExternalPort, InternalIP, InternalPort) "
"values(?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)");
mysql_stmt_prepare(m_stInsertStmt, insertSQL, strlen(insertSQL));
int param_count= mysql_stmt_param_count(m_stInsertStmt);
if(param_count != FEILD_NUM)
return false;
//填充bind結構數組, m_sInsertParam是這個statement關聯的結構變數
memset(insertbind, 0, sizeof(insertbind));
insertbind[0].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
insertbind[0].buffer_length = ID_LENGTH /* -1 */;
insertbind[0].buffer = (char *)m_stInsertParam->sessionid;
insertbind[0].is_null = 0;
insertbind[0].length = 0;

insertbind[1].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_STRING;
insertbind[1].buffer_length = ID_LENGTH /* -1 */;
insertbind[1].buffer = (char *)m_stInsertParam->channelid;
insertbind[1].is_null = 0;
insertbind[1].length = 0;

insertbind[2].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TINY;
insertbind[2].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->ISPtype;
insertbind[2].is_null = 0;
insertbind[2].length = 0;

insertbind[3].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
insertbind[3].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->externalIP;
insertbind[3].is_null = 0;
insertbind[3].length = 0;

insertbind[4].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;
insertbind[4].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->externalPort;
insertbind[4].is_null = 0;
insertbind[4].length = 0;

insertbind[5].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_LONG;
insertbind[5].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->internalIP;
insertbind[5].is_null = 0;
insertbind[5].length = 0;

insertbind[6].buffer_type = MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT;
insertbind[6].buffer = (char *)&m_stInsertParam->internalPort;
insertbind[6].is_null = 0;
insertbind[6].is_null = 0;
//綁定
if (mysql_stmt_bind_param(m_stInsertStmt, insertbind))
return false;
return true;
}

//2.查詢
bool CDBManager::InsertHostCache2(MYSQL * connecthandle, char * sessionid, char * channelid, int ISPtype, \
unsigned int eIP, unsigned short eport, unsigned int iIP, unsigned short iport)
{
//填充結構變數m_sInsertParam
strcpy(m_stInsertParam->sessionid, sessionid);
strcpy(m_stInsertParam->channelid, channelid);
m_stInsertParam->ISPtype = ISPtype;
m_stInsertParam->externalIP = eIP;
m_stInsertParam->externalPort = eport;
m_stInsertParam->internalIP = iIP;
m_stInsertParam->internalPort = iport;
//執行statement,效能瓶頸處
if(mysql_stmt_execute(m_stInsertStmt))
return false;
return true;
}

l 隨機的擷取記錄
在某些資料庫的應用中, 我們並不是要擷取所有的滿足條件的記錄,而只是要隨機挑選出滿足條件的記錄. 這種情況常見於資料業務的統計分析,從大容量資料庫中擷取小量的資料的場合.
有兩種方法可以做到
1. 常規方法,首先查詢出所有滿足條件的記錄,然後隨機的挑選出部分記錄.這種方法在滿足條件的記錄數很多時效果不理想.
2. 使用limit文法,先擷取滿足條件的記錄條數, 然後在sql查詢語句中加入limit來限制只查詢滿足要求的一段記錄. 這種方法雖然要查詢兩次,但是在資料量大時反而比較高效.
範例程式碼如下:

//1.常規的方法
//效能瓶頸,10萬條記錄時,執行查詢140ms, 擷取結果集500ms,其餘可忽略
int CDBManager::QueryHostCache(MYSQL* connecthandle, char * channelid, int ISPtype, CDBManager::CHostCacheTable * &hostcache)
{
char selectSQL[SQL_LENGTH];
memset(selectSQL, 0, sizeof(selectSQL));
sprintf(selectSQL,"select * from HostCache where ChannelID = '%s' and ISPtype = %d", channelid, ISPtype);
if(mysql_real_query(connecthandle, selectSQL, strlen(selectSQL)) != 0) //檢索
return 0;
//擷取結果集
m_pResultSet = mysql_store_result(connecthandle);
if(!m_pResultSet) //擷取結果集出錯
return 0;
int iAllNumRows = (int)(mysql_num_rows(m_pResultSet)); ///<所有的搜尋結果數
//計算待返回的結果數
int iReturnNumRows = (iAllNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)? iAllNumRows:RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM;
if(iReturnNumRows <= RETURN_QUERY_HOST_NUM)
{
//擷取逐條記錄
for(int i = 0; i<iReturnNumRows; i++)
{
//擷取逐個欄位
m_Row = mysql_fetch_row(m_pResultSet);
if(m_Row[0] != NULL)
strcpy(hostcache[i].sessionid, m_Row[0]);
if(m_Row[1] != NULL)
strcpy(hostcache[i].channelid, m_Row[1]);
if(m_Row[2] != NULL)
hostcache[i].ISPtype = atoi(m_Row[2]);
if(m_Row[3] != NULL)
hostcache[i].externalIP = atoi(m_Row[3]);
if(m_Row[4] != NULL)
hostcache[i].externalPort = atoi(m_Row[4]);
if(m_Row[5] != NULL)
hostcache[i].internalIP = atoi(m_Row[5]);
if(m_Row[6] != NULL)
hostcache[i].internalPort = atoi(m_Row[6]);
}
}
else
{
//隨機的挑選指定條記錄返回
int iRemainder = iAllNumRows%iReturnNumRows; ///<餘數
int iQuotient = iAllNumRows/iReturnNumRows; ///<商
int iStartIndex = rand()%(iRemainder + 1); ///<開始下標
//擷取逐條記錄
for(int iSelectedIndex = 0; iSelectedIndex < iReturnNumRows; iSelectedIndex++)
{
mysql_data_seek(m_pResultSet, iStartIndex + iQuotient * iSelectedIndex);
m_Row = mysql_fetch_row(m_pResultSet);
if(m_Row[0] != NULL)
strcpy(hostcache[iSelectedIndex].sessionid, m_Row[0]);
if(m_Row[1] != NULL)
strcpy(hostcache[iSelectedIndex].channelid, m_Row[1]);
if(m_Row[2] != NULL)
hostcache[iSelectedIndex].ISPtype = atoi(m_Row[2]);
if(m_Row[3] != NULL)
hostcache[iSelectedIndex].externalIP = atoi(m_Row[3]);
if(m_Row[4] != NULL)
hostcache[iSelectedIndex].externalPort = atoi(m_Row[4]);
if(m_Row[5] != NULL)
hostcache[iSelectedIndex].internalIP = atoi(m_Row[5]);
if(m_Row[6] != NULL)
hostcache[iSelectedIndex].internalPort = atoi(m_Row[6]);
}
}
//釋放結果集內容
mysql_free_result(m_pResultSet);
return iReturnNumRows;
}