1、python指令碼中經常第一句出現#!/usr/bin/env python或#!/usr/bin/python。這句話的意義下面解釋:
指令碼語言的第一行,目的就是指出,你想要你的這個檔案中的代碼用什麼可執行程式去運行它,就這麼簡單
#!/usr/bin/python是告訴作業系統執行這個指令碼的時候,調用/usr/bin下的python解譯器;
#!/usr/bin/env python這種用法是為了防止作業系統使用者沒有將python裝在預設的/usr/bin路徑裡。當系統看到這一行的時候,首先會到env設定裡尋找python的安裝路徑,再調用對應路徑下的解譯器程式完成操作。
#!/usr/bin/python相當於寫死了python路徑;
#!/usr/bin/env python會去環境設定尋找python目錄,推薦這種寫法
如果你用 python xxoo.py 來運行,那麼寫不寫都沒關係,如果要用 ./xxoo.py 那麼就必須加這行, 用來為指令碼語言指定解譯器.
通常認為用 #!/usr/bin/env python 要比 #!/usr/bin/python 更好,因為 python 解譯器有時並不安裝在預設路徑,例如在 virtualenv 中。
當你把py檔案直接賦予執行許可權去執行 ./yourfile.py 的時候,給檔案指定一個解譯器。
而 #!/usr/bin/python 是一般預設的python解譯器的路徑,所以這種的就是裝在預設位置的不會出問題。
但是 #!/usr/bin/envpython 則更加通用一些會去你的PATH 中尋找python 。
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python指令碼的兩種調用方式說明:
1、./run.py.shell直接調用python指令碼
2、python run.py 調用python 解譯器來調用python指令碼
先分別解釋:
1、./run.py呼叫指令碼的方式。shell把run.py當成一般的指令碼看待,不把它當成python指令碼。按這種方式呼叫指令碼,python 指令碼的第一行必須有:
#!/usr/bin/env python3(或#!/usr/bin/env python)
先舉例子說明,在說明原因:
未加#!/usr/bin/env python3的情況:
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a.py:
print ('a')
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說明:要使用./a.py,必須使用chmod將a.py的屬性改成可執行檔。
chmod 755 a.py
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 12 Nov 27 09:43 a.py
如果a.py是不可執行檔,那麼./a.py就會報如下錯誤。
-bash: ./a.py: Permissiondenied
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在將a.py改為可執行後,如果使用./a.py,還是會報錯。
./a.py: line 1: syntaxerror near unexpected token `'a''
./a.py: line 1: `print('a')'
但是,因為我系統中裝了python2和python3.
所以,使用#!/usr/bin/env python3提示shell使用python3來呼叫指令碼.
a.py內容如下:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/env python3
print ('a')
執行結果為:a
python3 print函數必須要加上().
所以,如果上述的print('a')變為print 'a',顯然是會報錯的。
root@iZ28yi4s6zwZ:/mnt/DisplayAdvertisingChallenge/Gbdt_Fm_Kaggle#./a.py
File "./a.py", line 2
print 'a'
^
SyntaxError: invalidsyntax
以上就說明了,使用./run.py調用python指令碼的方式,取決於你在python指令碼中第一句,並且使用./run.py必須在指令檔中寫上#!/usr/bin/env python3(或類似的命令),不然都執行不了。
1、先說明一下,我的系統中是預裝了python2,然後我裝了python3,並且系統預設的python是python2。我裝了python3並沒有改變系統預設的python解譯器,也不建議把系統預設的python解譯器改變了,因為像scikit-learn等庫很多還是基於python2.7的,你把系統預設的python改成python3會導致很多庫出問題。
2、看一下/usr/bin:就知道在ubuntu中,各種軟體的安裝情況
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Jun 19 2013 python -> python2.7
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Jun 19 2013 python2 -> python2.7
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 2985296 Dec 19 2014 python2.7
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 30 Nov 26 10:08 python3 ->/opt/python3.3.2/bin/python3.3
說明:
1、python-> python2.7:系統預設的python是python2.7
2、python2-> python2.7:python2執行的是python2.7
3、python3-> /opt/python3.3.2/bin/python3.3:python3執行的是/opt/python3.3.2/bin/python3.3
現在做個實驗:說明使用./run.py的方式,隨著第一句#!/usr/bin/envpython3的不同,shell會調用不同的python解譯器。
1、
#!/usr/bin/env python3import subprocess, sys, os, timeNR_THREAD = 1start = time.time()cmd = 'converters/pre-a.py trainsample0.25.csv tr.gbdt.dense tr.gbdt.sparse'subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)cmd = 'converters/pre-a.py testsample0.25.csv te.gbdt.dense te.gbdt.sparse'subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)print ("end pre-a.py")
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中斷程式查看shell調用哪個python解譯器:
File"./run_test.py", line 10, in <module>
subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)
File "/opt/python3.3.2/lib/python3.3/subprocess.py", line 522, incall
Traceback (most recentcall last):
File "converters/pre-a.py", line36, in <module>
key = field + '-' + row[field]
KeyboardInterrupt
return p.wait(timeout=timeout)
File "/opt/python3.3.2/lib/python3.3/subprocess.py", line 1528,in wait
(pid, sts) = self._try_wait(0)
File "/opt/python3.3.2/lib/python3.3/subprocess.py", line 1485,in _try_wait
(pid, sts) = _eintr_retry_call(os.waitpid,self.pid, wait_flags)
File "/opt/python3.3.2/lib/python3.3/subprocess.py", line 476, in_eintr_retry_call
return func(*args)
KeyboardInterrupt
很明顯,使用#!/usr/bin/env python3,那麼shell就調用了python3的解譯器。
2、
#!/usr/bin/env python2import subprocess, sys, os, timeNR_THREAD = 1start = time.time()cmd = 'converters/pre-a.py trainsample0.25.csv tr.gbdt.dense tr.gbdt.sparse'subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)cmd = 'converters/pre-a.py testsample0.25.csv te.gbdt.dense te.gbdt.sparse'subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)print ("end pre-a.py")
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中斷程式查看shell調用哪個python解譯器:
Traceback (most recentcall last):
File "./run_test.py", line 10, in<module>
subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py",line 493, in call
return Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs).wait()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py",line 1291, in wait
pid, sts = _eintr_retry_call(os.waitpid,self.pid, 0)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py",line 478, in _eintr_retry_call
return func(*args)
KeyboardInterrupt
很明顯,使用#!/usr/bin/env python2,那麼shell就調用了python2的解譯器。
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3、
#!/usr/bin/env pythonimport subprocess, sys, os, timeNR_THREAD = 1start = time.time()cmd = 'converters/pre-a.py trainsample0.25.csv tr.gbdt.dense tr.gbdt.sparse'subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)cmd = 'converters/pre-a.py testsample0.25.csv te.gbdt.dense te.gbdt.sparse'subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)
print ("endpre-a.py")
中斷程式查看shell調用哪個python解譯器:
File"./run_test.py", line 10, in <module>
subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py",line 493, in call
return Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs).wait()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py",line 1291, in wait
pid, sts = _eintr_retry_call(os.waitpid,self.pid, 0)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py",line 478, in _eintr_retry_call
return func(*args)
KeyboardInterrupt
root@iZ28yi4s6zwZ:/mnt/DisplayAdvertisingChallenge/Gbdt_Fm_Kaggle#Traceback (most recent call last):
File "converters/pre-a.py", line19, in <module>
for row incsv.DictReader(open(args['csv_path'])):
File "/opt/python3.3.2/lib/python3.3/csv.py", line 118, in__next__
d = dict(zip(self.fieldnames, row))
KeyboardInterrupt
很明顯,使用#!/usr/bin/env python,那麼shell就調用了系統預設的python解譯器,也就是python2。python -> python2.7。那麼,為什麼還會出現python3.3.2。那是因為程式中,subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True),開了一個子進程,使用了shell來調用pre-a.py,pre-a.py肯定是使用#!/usr/bin/envpython3
.pre-a.py指令碼的內容如下:
#!/usr/bin/env python3import argparse, csv, sysfrom common import *if len(sys.argv) == 1: sys.argv.append('-h')parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()parser.add_argument('csv_path', type=str)parser.add_argument('dense_path', type=str)parser.add_argument('sparse_path', type=str)args = vars(parser.parse_args())
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2、如果使用python run.py 的方式來呼叫指令碼,那麼指令檔中的第一句#!/usr/bin/envpython3就會被自動略掉,不會起到任何的作用。
python2 run.py代表使用預設的python2解譯器來呼叫指令碼。
python3 run.py 代表使用預設的python3解譯器來呼叫指令碼。
python run.py 代表使用預設的python解譯器來呼叫指令碼。
python run_test.py:
^CTraceback (mostrecent call last):
File "run_test.py", line 10, in<module>
subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py",line 493, in call
return Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs).wait()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py",line 1291, in wait
pid, sts = _eintr_retry_call(os.waitpid,self.pid, 0)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/subprocess.py",line 478, in _eintr_retry_call
return func(*args)
KeyboardInterrupt
root@iZ28yi4s6zwZ:/mnt/DisplayAdvertisingChallenge/Gbdt_Fm_Kaggle#Traceback (most recent call last):
File "converters/pre-a.py", line22, in <module>
val = row['I{0}'.format(j)]
KeyboardInterrupt
很明顯,python run_test.py,使用預設的python解譯器(python2)來呼叫指令碼。
python3 run_test.py:
^CTraceback (mostrecent call last):
File "run_test.py", line 10, in<module>
subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True)
File "/opt/python3.3.2/lib/python3.3/subprocess.py", line 522, in call
return p.wait(timeout=timeout)
File "/opt/python3.3.2/lib/python3.3/subprocess.py", line 1528, in wait
(pid, sts) = self._try_wait(0)
File "/opt/python3.3.2/lib/python3.3/subprocess.py", line 1485, in _try_wait
(pid, sts) = _eintr_retry_call(os.waitpid,self.pid, wait_flags)
File "/opt/python3.3.2/lib/python3.3/subprocess.py", line 476, in _eintr_retry_call
return func(*args)
KeyboardInterrupt
root@iZ28yi4s6zwZ:/mnt/DisplayAdvertisingChallenge/Gbdt_Fm_Kaggle#Traceback (most recent call last):
File "converters/pre-a.py", line19, in <module>
for row incsv.DictReader(open(args['csv_path'])):
File "/opt/python3.3.2/lib/python3.3/csv.py", line 118, in __next__
d = dict(zip(self.fieldnames, row))
KeyboardInterrupt
很明顯,python3 run_test.py,使用python3解譯器來呼叫指令碼。