軟體測試的類型多種多樣,測試類型與被測軟體的測試需求相關。對於初學者,需要瞭解最常見的測試類型,也有必要瞭解其他的測試類型,作為進一步提高的目標。
以下轉載了比較齊全的測試類型,請那位朋友協助把全文翻譯一下。
- 黑箱測試（Black box testing）
- not based on any knowledge of internal design or code. Tests are based on requirements and functionality.
- 白盒測試（White box testing）
- based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application's code. Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths, conditions.
- 單元測試（unit testing）
- the most 'micro' scale of testing; to test particular functions or code modules. Typically done by the programmer and not by testers, as it requires detailed knowledge of the internal program design and code. Not always easily done unless the application
has a well-designed architecture with tight code; may require developing test driver modules or test harnesses.
- 增量整合測試（incremental integration testing）
- continuous testing of an application as new functionality is added; requires that various aspects of an application's functionality be independent enough to work separately before all parts of the program are completed, or that test drivers be developed
as needed; done by programmers or by testers.
- 整合測試（integration testing）
- testing of combined parts of an application to determine if they function together correctly. The 'parts' can be code modules, individual applications, client and server applications on a network, etc. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server
and distributed systems.
- 功能測試（functional testing）
- black-box type testing geared to functional requirements of an application; this type of testing should be done by testers. This doesn't mean that the programmers shouldn't check that their code works before releasing it (which of course applies to any
stage of testing.)
- 系統測試（system testing）
- black-box type testing that is based on overall requirements specifications; covers all combined parts of a system.
- 端到端測試（end-to-end testing）
- similar to system testing; the 'macro' end of the test scale; involves testing of a complete application environment in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communications, or interacting with other
hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate.
- 健全測試或煙霧測試 (Smoke Test)（sanity testing or smoke testing）
- typically an initial testing effort to determine if a new software version is performing well enough to accept it for a major testing effort. For example, if the new software is crashing systems every 5 minutes, bogging down systems to a crawl, or corrupting
databases, the software may not be in a 'sane' enough condition to warrant further testing in its current state.
- 迴歸測試（regression testing）
- re-testing after fixes or modifications of the software or its environment. It can be difficult to determine how much re-testing is needed, especially near the end of the development cycle. Automated testing tools can be especially useful for this type
of testing.
- 驗收測試（acceptance testing）
- final testing based on specifications of the end-user or customer, or based on use by end-users/customers over some limited period of time.
- 負載測試（load testing）
- testing an application under heavy loads, such as testing of a
web site under a range of loads to determine at what point the system's response time degrades or fails.
- 壓力測試（stress testing）
- term often used interchangeably with 'load' and 'performance' testing. Also used to describe such tests as system functional testing while under unusually heavy loads, heavy repetition of certain actions or inputs, input of large numerical values, large
complex queries to a database system, etc.
- 效能測試（performance testing）
- term often used interchangeably with 'stress' and 'load' testing. Ideally 'performance' testing (and any other 'type' of testing) is defined in requirements documentation or QA or Test Plans.
- 易用性測試（usability testing）
- testing for 'user-friendliness'. Clearly this is subjective, and will depend on the targeted end-user or customer. User interviews, surveys, video recording of user sessions, and other techniques can be used. Programmers and testers are usually not appropriate
as usability testers.
- 安裝/卸載測試（install/uninstall testing）
- testing of full, partial, or upgrade install/uninstall processes.
- 恢複測試（recovery testing）
- testing how well a system recovers from crashes, hardware failures, or other catastrophic problems.
- 故障複原測試（failover testing）
- typically used interchangeably with 'recovery testing'
- 安全性測試（security testing）
- testing how well the system protects against unauthorized internal or external access, willful damage, etc; may require sophisticated testing techniques.
- 相容性測試（compatability testing）
- testing how well software performs in a particular hardware/software/operating system/network/etc. environment.
- 探索性測試（exploratory testing）
- often taken to mean a creative, informal software test that is not based on formal test plans or test cases; testers may be learning the software as they test it.
- 隨機測試（ad-hoc testing）
- similar to exploratory testing, but often taken to mean that the testers have significant understanding of the software before testing it.
- 上下文驅動測試（context-driven testing）
- testing driven by an understanding of the environment, culture, and intended use of software. For example, the testing approach for life-critical medical equipment software would be completely different than that for a low-cost computer game.
- 使用者驗收測試（user acceptance testing）
- determining if software is satisfactory to an end-user or customer.
- 對比測試（comparison testing）
- comparing software weaknesses and strengths to competing products.
- Alpha 測試（alpha testing）
- testing of an application when development is nearing completion; minor design changes may still be made as a result of such testing. Typically done by end-users or others, not by programmers or testers.
- Beta測試（beta testing）
- testing when development and testing are essentially completed and final bugs and problems need to be found before final release. Typically done by end-users or others, not by programmers or testers.
- 植入測試（mutation testing）
- a method for determining if a set of test data or test cases is useful, by deliberately introducing various code changes ('bugs') and retesting with the original test data/cases to determine if the 'bugs' are detected. Proper implementation requires large
computational resources.
